A MANUAL
OF
THE GEOLOGY OF INDIA.
PART IV: UNERALOGV.
A MANUAL
THE GEOLOGY OF INDIA.
PART IV:
MINERALOGY
(MAINLY NON-ECONOMIC).
BY
F.*R. MALLET,
SUPBRINTBNOBNT, GBOLOOICAL SUKVBV OF INDIA.
SttbUeheIr bs xrrbec of ilu Sobemmmt of inbtit.
CALCUTTA:
SOLD AT THB
OFFICE OF THE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF INDIA;
AND BY ALL BOOKSBLLBKS.
LONDON: TRUBNER & Co.
MDCCCLXXXVtI. \ ^
Price Rs. 2.
S. M, A . Btlgrami
PREFACE.
W 'HILE the first and second parts of the present irork,
by Mr. H. B. Medlicott and Dr. W. Blanford, treat
on the general geology of India, or the physical, strati-
graphical and palseontological geology of the country, the
third part, by Mr. Y. Ball, is devoted to the economic
geology of the same region. The noope of the last, as in-
dicated by the word * economic,* while including all Indian
minerals which are capable of useful application in the arts,
necessarily excluded those which do not possess any such
economic value. The main object of the present, or fourth,
part is to present som^ account of the latter class of minerals,
and is therefore, in some respects, supplementary to Part
III. Mention is, indeed, made of all ^own Indian miner-
als, in order to bring into one view an outline sketch of the
entire subject ; but, except in those cases where the acquisi-
tion of fresh information since the issue of Mr. BaU*s work,
or other reason, has rendered a departure from the general
rule desirable, only the briefest allusion is made to such as
have been previously described. A reference, in all such
cases, to Part III, shows where much fuller information is to
be obtained.
In looking through the following pages, some will pro-
bably be struck with the comparatively small amoimt of accu-
rate knowledge we possess respecting non-useful miTi PTsla in
India, considering the immense extent of the empire. One
of the main reasons for this is to be found in the rarity of
extensive mines, or other excavations, under intelligent super-
vision. The only metalliferous mines, at present worked under
European superintendence, are the gold mines of Madras,
and one or two of copper in Bengal. In many parts of the
VI
PSBVAOB.
ooontiy there are native iron, copper, lead, and other mines ;
hnt they are carried on with little or no system, goierally on
a trifling scale, and invariably by men who know nothing
of Tninwrftla beyond a mle-of-thumb acquaintance with ^ the
one or two ores they may have been accustomed to work.
The splendid zeolites which were obtained from the Deccan
trap, at the tunnels and cuttings on the Qreat Indian Penin-
sula Bailway, and the saline minerals discovered by Dr.
Wartb when Superint^dent of the Mayo Salt Mines, show
what might be expected were mining operations carried on in
this country on the same scale, and with the same system, as
in Europe and America. In some cases, however, but little
mineralogical variety is, probably, to be anticipated from the
metalliferous rocks. Thus, most, at least, of the known copper
ores of India occur as a constituent of schistose rocks, and
not in lodes, the depositories in Europe of such numerous
minerals and magnificent crystals. The Bdraganda copper
mine, in Hazdribdgh, may be cited as a case in point.
Although now opened out to a depth of 300 feet, and giving
a promising yield of copper-pyrites, nothing else has been
obtained of any special mineralogical interest.
It may further be added that there is no demand in India
for miner^ a« minerals purely. There is not a single dealer
in mineral specimens in the country, and hence there is no
incentive to the native miners to interest themselves in
-mieties unfamiliar to them.
Thus, a large proportion of our knowledge has been derived
from such observations as could be made, and such speci-
mens as could be obtained, on the surface. The number of
workers, too, has not been very large. The Officers of the
Geological Survey have necessarily been those most favorably
placed for the acquisition of new information, but others
have not been wanting who have devoted their leisure to the
same object, and who have added most valuable contribu-
tions. In 'some oases, however, zeal would appear to have
unfortunately exceeded the preliminary knowledge necessary
for accurate determination, and it is to be feared that there
are many statements in print which are not wholly trust-
rBVTMw;
tH
wcNTthy. Mora eipei^j does this ittoarksppty to iliell«dfl(tt
preddeiM^. In the *' Indian Jonmal of Art^ Scaenoea, and
Manufaetnrea,**^ long lists are ^ven of minerals said to base
been found in various districts. Some of these minerals
had been previously described by authors whose writings ara
quoted in the following pages, but respecting a la^ propoiw
tion of the remainder, little information, or none, is given
beyond the mere statement of their occurrence. Evmi this,
however, would be most useful could the account be accept-
ed as reasonably trustworthy. That there is a large amount
of valuable information in the lists, the present write does
not doubt, but as there is internal evidence of a considerable,
but unknown, amount of error, he has considered it the lesser
of two evils to omit them from amongst the authorities
quoted.*
Within the next year or two the mineralogy of Upper
Burma will probably be much better known than at present,
and interesting results may be expected from a scientific
examination of the ruby and other mines. The information
respecting them available to the present writer is mostly
contained in works published many years ago.
The system of classification adopted in the present wwk
is that of Professor Dana, as given in his * System of
Mineralogy.’
No attempt has been made in the following pages to de-
scribe the occurrence, in individual localities, of the com-
moner minerals, which are to be met with in innumerable
places. Indeed the materials do not exist for compiling
such lists, even if they were worth publishing. In de-
scribing the combinations shown b^orystals, the faces are,
as far as possible, given in the order of their development,
> Put IV (I860), pp. 849, 867 ; Put VI (1861), p. 481 ; Fkrt VUI (1861). p. 677;
Put IX a868), p. 686, 8nd mrie,. Vol. I. No. 1 (1864). p. 87; No. 8 (1866). p. 60.
* The Bune remark may be made with reference to a paper on the Geology of Madura
and the adjoining diatriote (Madrai Jonmal of Literature and Soienoep Vol. XYU* p. 90),
Althoogh miDerala in abnndance are mentioned, many of them rare q[weiei^ nothing
beyond the mere atatement of their occurrence ia aaid with reference to moat of
not a word ia added aa to how, or by whom, thmr apeciflc identity waa determined. During
a Bubaequect examination of part of the aame areas by the Geological Surv^, noneof them
rare mineralB were obaerved.
TUI
PsarAOi.
Uiepiedomiiiaiit ones being meatioiiedfbnt. The fignxes were
drawn by the writer, in some cases from figures or descrip-
tions previously published, but mostly &om crystals now in
the Geological Museum.
CONTENTS,
'4
PART IV.
I.— Native Elements.
Series L The more harioi or eleotro-pontive elements.
1. Gold Group > (p. i).
2. Iron Group* (p. S).
2. Sulphur Group* (p. 7>
8. Carbon-Sllloon Group* (p. SX
II.— Sulphides, Arsenides, Antimonides.
1. Binary Oomponnds— Sulphides of Metals of the Snlphnr and
Arsenic groups (p. 12 ).
2. Binary Oompounds--Sulphides and Arsenides of Metals of Series L
A. Baslo Division (p. 14).
B. Proto Division.— General formula R8 (or R'^S), RAs (p. ISX
C. Deuto Division.— General formula R8„ RAs, (p. 24X
8. Ternary Oompounde-Sulphantimonitesi Sulidiataenites (p. ssx
III.— Chlorides (P.88X
* An, Ag (to Qiii gnmp ilw bd(mg E. 14, Ao.. not oeeoning nottnX
* Pti Pd, Hg^ Co, Fo> Zn, Fb (aln Co, Ni, Cr, Mo, Oi, Mg, Ae.X
*8,Te,So. Ko t opw MBtottToi of the lit, or Anwic groop (M 8X K, Ac.),
pet boon Comid In India.
* C (abo S).
OOKTBim.
IV. — Fluorides (p* st)*
V. — Oxygen Compourids.
L Oxides.
1. Oxides of elements of Series I.
A— Anhydrous oxides.
(a) Protoxides— General formula BO (or B'/)) (p. 88 ).
(d) Sesqttioxides— General formula BO« (p. 80).
(e) Componnda of Frotoxidea and SesqnioxideB— General formula BBO 4
BO. BO, (p. 61).
(d) Oentoxidea— General formula B'^Oj (p. 64).
B— Hydrous oxides (p. 60).
2. Oxides of elements of the Arsenio group (p. 62).
3. Oxides of the Carbon>8ilicon group (p. 62).
n. Ternary Oxygen Oomponnds.
1. Silicates.
A— Anhydrous silioates.
(a) BisiUcates— General formula BSiOg = BO. SiOg (p. 88 ).
(d) Unisilkatea— General formula B, SiO* = 8 B 0 .Si 02 (p. 87).
(c) Subailicstes 108).
B— Hydrous silioates.
♦
I. General Seotion.
(a) Biailicatea (p. 116).
(ft) Uniailioates (p. 117).
(e) Subsilioates (p. 110).
II. Zeolite Seotion.
(а) Uniailioates (p. 110)<
(б) Hailioatea Cp. 122 ).
ooxTnrTB.
n
B— Hydioiii liliotM— wwtwww*.
III. Moiguophyllito Saotion.
(a) BudlioctM (p. 127).
(i) VnirilicatM (p. 128)«
(o) SnbailicatM (p. ISO).
8. Phosphates, Arsenates, Nitrates.’
. A.— PhosphsteB, Anenates.
I. Anhydtons (p. 181).
II. Hjdrona (p. 188).
B— Nitrates (p. 184).
4. Borates (p. 187).
5. Tungstates, Molybdates (p. 189).
6. Sulphates.
I— A&bydrcnu (p. 140).
II— Hydrous (p. 142).
7. Carbonates.
I— Anhydrous (p. 147).
II'— Hydrons Cp. 165).
VI. — Hydrocarbon Compounds (p. iso).
No rspresentstives of the 2nd group (Tsntalstes. Oolumhstes) have as yet been found
in India.
MANUAL OF THE GEOLOGY OF INDIA.
PABT lY: MINEEALOGY.
I. — Native Elements.
Series L~The more basic, ot electro-positive elements.
1. Gold group.
Gold.— >Gold-bearmg rooks are widely spread over immense tracts of
eonntry in India. Oconning, as it does, in nearly e¥ery province of tihe
empire, the metal is the subject of a bulky literature and has been very
fully treated by Mr. V. Ball in Part HI of the present work. The only
important additions to our knowledge once its publication in 1881, are
doe to the operations of the gold*mining companies of the Madras pre-
ndency, at that time in their in&noy . The nnsatisfoetory results obtained
by so many of these show that much of the auriferous quartz contains
but a low proportion of metal-^ fact indicated by the following abstract
of the published returns up to the first quarter of 1888*
Quirts tvMted.
Total yield.
Yield per ton.
Bemarks.
A
Xbni.
8,697
Os, dwi. gie,
482 0 11
Os. dwt. gis.
0 2 16
Treated I7 6 S, E. Wynaad Coe.
B
1.200
45 0 0
0 0 18
Pooreat lot indnded in A.
C
828
160 18 . 12
0 9 28
Richest lot included in A.
D
504
152 0 0
0 6 1
Treated bj 8 Kolar Cos.
E
60
2 10 0
0 10
Poorest lot indnded in D.
F
44
40 10 0
0 18 10
Ridieet lot indnded in D.
On the other hand, the encouraging results obtained by the Mysore
gold-mining company, in Kolar, oondusively (how that the quartz in
portions, at least, some reefc^ is highly auriferons. During the first tor
months of 1885, 3,759 ounces of bar gold was produced from 1,390 tons
of stone, or i oz. 14 dwt. per ton ; and the yield, in OotoW, from
169 tons was at the rate of 4 oz. 2 dwt. Two pioked specimens of quarts,
' The Indien Oold-iuBiag Indoetry, by D. B. W. Leighton, ISM. p. Sft
a
OBOLOQT OF INDIA— SILVER.
CPaft rv*
weighing respectively 2^ and 7Ib^ from the above company's minesi
which were exhibited at the Colonial and Indian Exhibition in 1886^ were
thickly spangled with visible gold. The assay of a portion of the smaller
piece indicated about 570 oz. to the ton.^
In January 1885 a specimen, weighing about 80 gmins, was sent to the
Geological Museum in Calcutta by Dr. 3^. B. Stratton, Political Agent
at Jaipur. It is composed mainly of cleavable, semi-transparent calcite,
with malachite in minute acicuW crystals, and is thickly spangled with
gold. The specimen is said to have been originally obtained from one of the
copper mines at Ehetri, in RajputAna. Regarding it (Dr. Stratton
wrote) the story, now almost a legend, is that copper ore was being
mined when some was found with the gold-like particles in it, and that,
on further mining, the white rock with similar particles was reached.
But as it was a time of disorder, with PindAris, ftc., abroad, the mine was
at once closed, from fear that the rumour of a gold mine might bring an
enemy to EhetrL^^ The locality is one from which gold had not been
reported previously, and the specimen is remarkable from the unusual
matrix in which the metal occurs.
The following analyses of native gold from Upper Burma have been
recently published by Dr. Romanis.*
A,— ^Rather large irregular grains; from foot of hills in the Meza
valley, 80 miles west of Katha •
Gold 87*fi6
Silver
^Copper pyrites ....... l'C5
Silver ......... 1*54
Gangoe < Magnetite 0*82
Quartz 1*09
Loss on ignition 1'^
100*00
B.— Small smooth grains ; from the sand of the Meza river
Gold 74*88
Silver 2*86
Platinam (with trace of iridinm) 2*58
Iridosmine 7*04
Zirconia 7*08
SiUca (by diff.) 5*66
100*00
Silver.— The gold of India, like that of other oonntries, is alloyed with
a varying i»oportion of silver, and the latter has oocarionally ^n met
' The gedo^o.! chMMster of the HyMte gold-baiiring rodu hu been diMoited hy Mr.
B. B. Foote, in the Secorat, 0. 8. L, VoL XV, p. 191.
’ P.eeonb,«. L, Vol. XIX, p. 868.
Wnihcn nunaiaiauiL B
ia aMneiatioa witb th* mere fMoiooi ■ i et el > bat
Me ^ in nMie ehna titAing qaeatily ('Pt. 111> p. S8^.
2. Iron groitp.
Pleiinnm hu been found, in aaeooiation with rtiyw" IPoM,
in several parts of India (Pt. Ill, p. 167), bang, as fur as we know
at present, more plentiful in Bnnctk than elsewhere, N(vie>'lM>wever,
appears to find its way into oommeroe. ^Hie gold-washers, beiag i^o-
lant of its value, usually reject it aa useless ; * hence our knowle^^ ps to
the productiveness of the platinif erons sands is not as accurate as migbt be
wished.
A sample of stream gold from the Meza valley, in IJ^ier Burma,
retiently analysed by Dr. Romanis, contiuned 2'5S per cent, of platinum
(with a trace of iridium) in admixture.*
In 1882 minute grains of platinum were noticed in stream gold from
the Guram river, near Dhadka in Mdnbhnm, from Ldndn in Chaibassa,
and from the Brdhmini river in the tributary mehals Orissa. But
in all cases the amount of platinum was extremely small, being not more
than a trace in comparison to the accompanying gold.*
Dr. B. Saunders records that he extiacted 12 per cent, of refuse
from some gold dust*' (from Tibet between Eastern Bhutan and the
Sangpo river), and on examination found it to be sand and filings of
iron, whieh last was not likely to have been with it in its native state, but
probably employed for the purpose of adulteration.” Was the supposed
iron platinum? The former metal would be a very clumsy adultmmt of
gold on account of its colour.*
Flatmiridinm (?)— In 1881 a button, obtained by the fusion of metal-
lic grains “ having every appearance of iron,” which were found mixed
with stream gold from the Kyendween (Chindwin) river, in Upper
Burma, were submitted to analysis by Mr. J. Prinsep, who obtained—
Platinum 25
Gold 5
Iridium and osmium 40
Iron 10
Arsenic and lead 20
Rhodium (?)
Pallodium (?)
100
* Major Burney has stated this with reference to Burma (Asiatic Researches, Tol.
XVIII, Pt. 2, p. 281), and Mr. Baden-Powell in connection with the Indus vnUey (I^jah
Products, Vol. I, p. 14).
» See « Gold " p. 2.
• F. R. Mallet : Records, O. S. I., Vol. XV, p. 55.
« Turner’s Embassy to Tibet (1800), p. 405.
Bi
4
GEOLOGY OF INDIA— COPPER.
EPwtIV,
The lead he considered had been added to render the more intractable
metals fasible, while it may perhaps be inferred that the gold was stream
gold which had not been separated from the platinum metals. A sample
of the original ore subsequently examined by Mr. Frinsep was found to
contain about 20 per cent, of platinum and twice as much iridium^ the
remainder appearing to be chiefly oxide of iron.^ This ore is noticed by
Professor Dana as platiniridium.* But it seems far more likely that
it was a mixture of platinum and iridosmine^ both of which are known to
occur^ with stream gold, in Upper Burma.
Iridosmine. — ^This alloy has been noticed, along with platinum,
in stream gold from the Noa-Dehing river, in Upper Assam. It
occurs in small lead-gray scales, which, from their colour, and loss of lustre
before the blowpipe, seem to belong to the variety of the mineral called
sisserskite.* As much as seven per cent, of iridosmine has been found,
by Dr. Romanis, in stream gold from the Meza river, in Upper Burma.*
It is called ahin-than (clear iron) by the gold-washers, but they reject
it as useless, so that, as Dr. Romanis says, a much larger proportion
might perhaps be obtained by due care.
Mercury. — ^Although the discovery of this metal has been reported
more than once, its occurrence in India is still open to doubt (Pt. Ill,
page 170). According to Dr. B. Saunders, Cinnabar, containing a large
portion of quicksilver, is found in Tibet/^ by which probably the
portion between Eastern Bhutan and the Sangpo river, where he tra-
velled, is meant.*
Copper. — Perhaps the most remarkable specimens of native copper
hitherto found in India were those obtained in Kashmir, from the lower
part of the Zanskar river, where it flows through tertiary rocks. In 1878
several water-worn masses of pure metal, reaching up to 2215 in weighty
were discovered in the bed of the stream, and were subsequently, when in
the possession of the Governor of Ladakh, seen by Mr. R. Lydekker.*
There is a specimen in the Geological Museum (weighing about 21 oz.)
cut from a lump of some 2015. Although nearly all solid copper, it
includes a little cuprite, especially on the sides of one or two cavities :
120 grains of the metal was tested for silver and found to contain a
* GleaniDgg in Science, Vol. Ill, p. 39 ; Asiatic Besearchea, Vol. XVIII, Pt. 2, p. 284.
The ore ia described as consisting of *' shining scaly grains of a sil?er colour, and dark black
grains,” which, although partially dissolved apart, were not subsequently analysed separately.
It seems possible that the large amount of iron was due to the black grains being partly
ilmenite, or other difficultly soluble oxide. Mr. Prinsep himself speaks of the analysis as
imperfect.
2 System of Mineralogy, p. 11.
» P. E. Mallet : Eecords, G. S. 1., Vol. XV, p. 68.
< P. 2.
^ Turner’s Embassy to Tibet (1800), p. 405.
« Records, G. S. I., Vol. XIII, p. 40; Memoirs, G. S. I., Vol. XXII, p. 334.
Xinenlogj.]
COPPRR.
5
minute trace only. The source whence the nuggets came has not been
traced, but recollecting how frequently native copper is connected with
trappean rocks, as in the well-known lake Superior mines, the conjec-
ture may perhaps be hazarded that the vicinity of the trappean intrusions
which occur between the tertiary and carboniferous strata of the Markha
valley, is one of the most likely localities for the copper to have been
washed from.
Native copper has been reported as occurring in a mine near Chitrini,
and also near Jerri, in Kulu. It is said to form a lode at the latter
place.^
Captain Drummond obtained some specimens, together with red oiide,
which were said to have been brought from the hills of Ooorgee Mydan,
not far from Acoorookhail, in the Ghilzie territory of Northern Afghanis-
tan. He himself obtained the native metal, with cuprite and chalcocite,
at Tezeen,* and Dr. J. E. Aitchison a few years ago discovered some
small loose pieces on mount Karatiga near the Shutargartan, in the .
same country.*
^'Two very beautiful specimens of virgin copper in mammellated
concretions were received by Mr. J. Prinsep from the Singhana mines
in Rajput&na,^ and the same ore is said to have been occasionally found in
small pieces in Ajmere.* It is recorded that Captain Sherwill sent specimens
of native copper, from near the fort of Burdee on the Soane river/^ to
tlie Asiatic Society's museum, in 1852.^ A copper-bearing locality is
marked on his geological map of Bengal about a mile south of the
village. But, as remarked by Mr. Ball, the spot in question is on
lower Vindhyan rocks, which are not otherwise known to be cupri-
ferous.^ The specimens, now in the Geological museum, bear a marked
resemblance, in tiieir association with crystallized quartz, and tlieir being
pitted with pseudomorphous cavities after the latter mineral, to certain
other specimens from Cornwall, and it may perhaps be suspected that the
report of copper at Burdee originated in some misplacement of labels.
Metallic copper has been noticed in Landu, and one or two other
mines in Singhbhum, It occurs in massy rosettes and flakes, but is rare.
Mr. Stoehr says that it is only found whem surface water can penetrate,
and that it is associated with malachite, from which it seems to have
been reduced.®
^ Kulu : its beauties, antiquities, and silver mines. By J. Calvert, pp, 56, 60.
^ Jour. Aa, Soc., Bengal, Vol. X, p. 77.
^ Proc. As. Soc., Bengal, 1880, p 4.
* Jour. As. Soc., Bengal, Vol. IV, p. 582.
^ B. Irvine : Topography of Ajmere, p 169.
* Jour. As Soc., Bengal, Vol. XXI, p. 361.
7 Pt. Ill, p. 258.
* Report on the Copper Mines of Singhbhum, by C. Durrschmidt, pp. 14, 20 - Records,
Q. S. t., Vol. Ill, p. 89.
6
GEOLOGY OP INDIA— LEAD.
[PartIVi
There are five specimens of crystallized dendritic copper in the
Oeological museum, aggregating about 4 oz. in weight, which are said to
have been found in the sand on the bank of the Damnda river, 6 miles
above R4niganj. The spot is on Damuda (coal-measure) rocks, and if
the specimens were washed down from the metamorphic area, they must
have travelled many miles, in which case it is difficult to understand
their being found so close to each other. Traces of copper have occasionally
been detected in coal,' as a constituent, probably, of the pyrites, and it
is conceivable that the R&niganj copper may have been due to long-con-
tinued oxidation, solution, and reduction of such.
Mr. P. Yanstavem has informed ns that he possesses a fine speci-
men of native copper from a mine situated between Chinur and Waran-
gal in Hyderabad. The person who gave it to him told him that he
had seen pieces as large as a man's head quarried out from the workings,
which are merely superficial.
Faint traces of native copper " have been found in the old lead
mines at Jungumrajpilly in the Kadapah district, Madras.* A few
pieces of cupriferous veinstone, containing the native metal along with
other ores, were noticed by Mr. H. F. Blanford in a stream south of
Veppur, in the Trichinopoly district, hut their source was not traced.*
Specimens obtained at Round island, near Cheduba on the Arakan
coast, in 1843, were pronounced to be native copper.* They are now,
however, in the Geological museum, and their examination, a few years
ago, showed that they are artificial bronze.*
Lead.— Metallic lead has been observed partially filling small cavi-
ties in specimens of lead carbonate, found near Maulmain in Burma.
The carbonate has a bright red colour, apparently due to an intimate ad-
mixture of minium ; and Mr. G. H. Law, by whom it was sent to Cal-
cutta, in reply to enquiries on the point, stated that it is “ natural and
not artificial." * In a subsequent letter Mr. Law mentioned that several
pieces of lead, up to a pound in weight, had been obtained by digging a
little below the surface, in the bank of a stream near Maulmain. It
would be unsafe, however, without further investigation, to accept them
as native.
' Danbree ; Ann. dea Mines, 4th eeriee, Vol. XIX (1851), p. 689 ; Pcrc;’e Metallurgy,
Fuel, Ac., p. 276.
» W. King : Memoir*, G. S. I., VoL VllI, p. 270.
* Ibid^ Vol. IV, p. 216.
* Jour. A*. Soc., Bengal, Vol. XII, pp. 33S, 904, 914.
* F. R. Mallet : Records, G. S. I., Vol. XI, p, 222.
* Records, G. S. I., Vol. XVI, p. 203.
XiaflMkgj.]
SULPHUB.
7
Series n.— Elements generally electro-negative.
2. Sulphur group.^
Salpliur.— Native sulphur has been found in various localities^ in
some of which the deposits are of considerable extent (Ft. Ill, p. 155).
Since the issue of Mr. Ball’s work the sulphur of Barren islandi in
the Bay of Bengal^ has been re-examined, the conclusion arrived at being,
as held by previous visitors, that the quantity is very limited. Both in,
and near, the crater of the central cone, and at a point about 250 feet
lower down, where a recent lava stream has broken out, crusts varying
from 2 or 3 to 6 or 8 inches, or even a foot, in thickness, were found.
But the total amount was estimated not to exceed a few dozen tons, and
there is reason to believe that the deposition of the mineral has taken
place very slowly during the last quarter of a century at least. A
samjde yielded on analysis
Sulphur 88*92
Water 2*44
Fixed residue (Ca S(^, ash, &c.) . . , . . . 8*64
100*00
From some of the crevices of the lava, well-formed aggregated crystals
of sulphur, in unmodified rhombic octahedrons (P.)^ were obtained.*
A sulphurous earth from the Godavari district, perhaps th<* same sub-
stance as that described by Dr. Heyne in 1814,* has been recently ana-
lysed by Dr. C. J. McNally, chemical examiner, Madras, with the fol-
lowing result
Free sulphur ....
28*32
Combined sulphur
•28
Sand .....
43*05
Moisture
. 17-20
Organic matter ....
7*30
Potash
. . -58
Iron, &c., not estimated
8-27
100-00
At Kh^tan, in North-Eastern Beluchistan, are several copious springs
of sulphurous waters, which have a temperature of 109° P. at the point
> No representatives of the Ist, or arsenic, grronp have as yet been found in India.
* P. R. Mallet : Memoirs, G. S. I., Vol. XXI, pp. 268, 270, 278.
* Tracts, historical and statistical, on India, p. 186 ; Pt. Ill, p. 156.
8 GEOLOOT OF INDIA— DUMOND. [Ftet IV.
oE ovcrfloir; oonsideiable qaantitieB of solphor crystals ooenr in the
stalagmite snrroanding them. * * * Farther np the hillside are
many places where similar springs have accnmnlated stalagmite, with
sulpW intenningled in past time."*
3. Carbon-Silioon group.
Diamond.— ^e subject of Indian diamond, and the varions localities
where the mineral is found, has been very fully treated by Mr. Ball
(Pt. Ill, p. 1).*
In some mineralogical and other works it is said that, while Bra-
zilian diamonds are mostly rhombic dodecahedrons, those from India are
chiefly octahedrons, a statement which is not borne out by the specimens
in the Geological Survey Museum. These include—
Prom the Karnul dUtriet. — live crystals, four of which are tetrakis-
hexahedrons, and the remaining one a combination of the
octahedron and rhombic dodecahedron.
From Sambalpur.—One crystal; combination of tetrakishexahedron
and octahedron.
From Panna.’—Foxu crystals, all of which are distorted tetrakishexa-
hedrons. ,,
Said to he from near Simla. — Four crystals : ’a, distorted tetrakis-
hexahedron ; i, ditto with octahedron ; c, d, octahedron with
tetrakishexahedron.
All the tetrakishexahedrons have curved foces.
Thus, out of 14 crystals there are—
TetrakishezfUiedFoiis 9
TetrakUhezahedroiiB with octahedron 2
Octahedrons with tetrakishexahedron 2
Octahedron with dodecahedron 1
14
or 11 have the tetrakishexahedron as the predominant form, and 3 the
octahedron ; of the latter, 2 are of doubtful locality.
The number of crystals is altogether too small to found any general-
ization upon, but it is suflScient to sugg^t the enquiry on what authority
the statement alluded to has been made.
As large diamonds are rarely found in India nowadays, allusion
may be made here to one discovered, about the year 1881, near Wajra
* B. A. Towmend ; Racords, O. 8. 1^ V<d. XIX, p. 206.
* Sone Mnutfki on Uie diamond graveU of tho Kiatna, and on reoont esperimental
digipnira at Wajia Karor, in Bellaiy, bj Mr. B B. Foote, may be found in Beeorda,
G. 8. 1. VoL XVm (1886), p. M; and Vol. XIX, p. 108.
GBAPHITB.
9
IDaendogy.]
Karur, in the Bellary district. It was eventnally bought by Messrs.
P. Orr h Sons^ of Madras, by whom models of the gem, before and
after catting, were presented to the museum. The uncut diamond, judging
from the model, was of irregular shape, without determinate crystalline
form. In the rough it wcrighed 67| carats, and it was cut into an ex-
ceptionally fine brilliant, of the purest water, weighing 24| carats, which
has been called the Gor-do-Norr.^^ ^
Graphite.— The localities where graphite has perhaps been found
most abundantly in India are in the Madras presidency, especially in
Travancore, where the mineral is of better quality than elsewhere, although
still inferior to that worked so extensively in Ceylon. It also occurs in
several parts of the Himalayas, although in a very impure form ; and in
some other parts of India (Pt. Ill, p. 50).
In 1882 a sample of graphite of fairly good quality, for a surface
piece, was sent to the museum by the commissioner of the Chhattisgarh
division (Central Provinces), who stated that similar stuff was ^'said to
occur in large quantities near the villages of Lanjigaon and Dingsargi in
the feudatory state of Kalahandi^' (Chhattisgarh).
According to Mr. W. Theobald, Colonel Bogle forwarded specimens
of graphite of fair quality from the Tenasserim provinces, and Dr. Mason
records having seen fine specimens from the Kannee valley, 20 miles north-
east of Toung-ngoo, where the Karens report the substance abundant.^^ *
A peculiar carbonaceous mineral was discovered by Dr. Emil Stcshr
in the Jamjura copper mine, Singhbhum, 37 feet below the surface. It
occurred, in the neighbourhood of a fault, in loose pieces in the cavities of
friable quartzose veinstone and copper ore (a specimen now in the museum
thus partially occupies a cavity in a mixture of quartz and malachite).
Bergrath Breithaupt at Freiberg, to whom specimens of the substance
were sent, gave the principal characters as follows : black ; semi-metal-
lic lustre on fresh fracture; black streak; opaque; thick pieces of the
size of an egg and under ; internally crystalline, very fine-grained ; sp.
gr. 1*92 ; hardness to 4| (some specimens according to Dr. Stcshr
have a hardness less than 4) ; brittle ; very difficult to bum before the
blowpipe. The mean of analyses by Scheerer and Bube gave—
Carbon 98*946
Water 1*440
Acid 2*895
Ash 1*720
100*000
* A kind of parody on Koh-i-noor/’ baled on the name of the senior partner of the
firm, Mr. Gordon Orr.
* The Natnral Prodnotioni of Burma, 2nd edition (1882), edited by W. Theobald, p. 10.
10
GEOLOGY OF INDIA-^GRAPHITE.
CF«rt IV.
The substance was considered by Breithaupt as intennediAte between
anthracite and graphite. Dr. Stcehr mentions that he possessed a piece of
veinstone which, together with the mineral in question, contained un-
doubted flakes of graphite. The cavities in which the substance was found
were angular, as if due to the removal of some crystallized mineral ; and
Professor Kepgott supposed that some highly carbonaceous silicious
mineral had decomposed, the silica being removed while the carbcm was
left behind.'
Under the name of Tremenheerite Mr. Fiddington described a
carbonaceous substance sent from Tenasserim by Captain Tremenbeere.
It is, when fresh, in masses of a scaly structure and of a deep black
colour, with a highly metallic lustre, much resembling coarsely-foliated
graphite ; after a few months it partly falls to powder, or rather into
scaly flakes, evidently from the decomposition of pyrites, of which it con-
tains about S per cent. It powders easily, but the powder is always
scaly, soiling, greasy, and glittering, like graphite. ^ ^ * It soils
much, but is too soft to mark with, nor can any very determined streak
be made ; what is so is of a deep black.^'
Analysis gave—
Carbon 85*70
Water and snlphar ........ 4*00
Peroxide of iron 2*50
Earth, chiefly silica 7*50
89*70
VTater and loss *30
100*00
The mineral differs from the anthracites in its high lustre, scaly struc-
ture, and ready pulverisation, by which it approaches the graphites ; as
well as by its iron and very slow combustion ; but then from these it differs
by its streak, and high combustibility with nitre ; for, like coal and
the anthracites, when projected upon melted nitre it deflagrates, heating
the crucible instantly to redness, while the graphites not only boil but
heat the crucible also, and seem but partly, and very slowly, to part with
their carbon till a much higher heat is given. This distinction I have
not yet found noticed in any chemical or mineralo^cal work, but it
seems to me to be no bad test by which to 6ei)arate the graphites from
the anthracites ; namely, that with nitre, at a heat a little above its melting
point only, the former melt and are consumed, while the latter defla-
grate and almost explode.^^’
> Vierie^hrsichrift der Natarforscbaxden Qesellsobsft, in Zurich, Voi. V (1860), p.
347 ; RecordB, G. S. 1. Vol. Ill, p. 91.
* Jour. As. Soc., Bengal, Vol. XVI (1847), Pt. 1, p. 869.
QBAPHITB.
IGaemlogy.]
n
Captain Tremenhrare’s specimens* were obtained from the Thnggoo
and Therabuen (two streams which flow into the great Tenasserim river),
where the substanoe was abundant. Di, T. Oldham has recorded that at
“ Bankyop, Tagoo creek,* Banpysi, and Mauton, on the great Tenaaserim
river, and in Tagit creek on the Little Tenasserim, no cool exists ; a black
carbonaceous rock, with quartz nodules, which crumbles intc^powder on ex-
posure and soils the fingers, having been mistaken for coaL*^ This carbona-
ceous rock is evidently the same as Mr. Fiddington’s Tremenheerite. All
the localities mentioned by Captain Tremenheere and Dr. Oldham (except
perhaps Banpyai, which is not marked on the map) are within 15 miles <ji
Tenasserim town. Unfortunately we possess no accurate information as
to the rocks in that neighbourhood, whether metamorphic or not— an
important point with reference to the nature of the substance in ques-
tion. Dr. (Mdham, however, states distinctly that it is not coal. Pro*
fessor Dana suggests that it noay be '‘impure graphite, or is between
coal and graphite.” * As graphite and anthracite both deflagrate with
nitre, a diagnosis founded only on difference of temperature at which
the deflagration takes place, scarcely seems a very safe one. The present
writer found that admixture of pyrites has a msirked effect in lowering
the deflagrating point for graphite, and the pyrites in the ' Tremmiheerite’
could scarcely have been without influence in this way. There are no
specimens of the substance in the Museum, so that there are no means
for re-examining it at present.
Dr. F. Mason says that Tremenheerite "appears to be an abundant
mineral in the provinces, there being several localities where it is found
in the vicinity of both Tavoy and Manlmain and he mentions one or
two spots where it had been found in connection with "sandstone and
slate or shale.”* But it is perhaps not altogether certain that what Dr.
Mason called Tremenheerite is identical with the substance described by
Mr. Piddington.
^ Erroneously described by him as vsaA. Vidt Selec. Rec., Bengal Govt., Yl, p. 12 ; Jours
As. Soc., Bengal, Vol. X, p. 862 ; and XVI, Ft. 1, p. 869.
" Doubtless Captain Tremenheere’s “ Thugpoo.”
3 Select, liec., Government of India, No. X, p. 37.
* System of Mineralogy, p, 25.
^ The Natural Productions of Burma, p. 54.
GBOLOOT OF INDIA—STIBNITE.
[Part IV.
IS
II. — Sulphides, Arsenides, Antimonides.
L— Binary Gompounds— Sulphides of Metals of the
Sulpto and Arsenic groupa
Realgar. — A specimen of orpiment said to be from Munsiari^ in
Kumaon^ which includes some realgar, and also a lump of pure massive
compact realgar^ weighing over a pound, said to be from the same place,
are included in the museum collections.
A specimen of orpiment, mixed with some realgar, from the hills
north-west of Killa Drassan, in Chitr&l, north-west of Kashmir, has
lately been presented by Dr. (riles. Naturalist to the Gilghit Mis-
sion.^
Dr. Mason says that realgar is found in great quantities in
Burma, and is constantly seen in the bazars,^^ * but this statement, if
meaning that the substance occurs naturally there, requires confirmation
{vide orpiment
Orpiment is found near Munsi&ri in Kumaon, according to Mr.
A. W. Lawder.^ There is a specimen in the museum presented by him,
and said to be from that locality.
The same mineral occurs in Chitral, as just noticed under realgar.
The writer has been informed, by Dr. Giles, that he saw forty or fifty
sacksful in the Chitral bazar, where it is sold at two rupees a maund, and
that the substance is a regular article of trade to Peshawar. •
Dr. Mason states that orpiment is imported from Upper into Lower
Burma, but it is open to question whether either this mineral or real-
gar occurs there naturally. Mr. Theobald omits them in his revised
edition of Dr. Mason^s work, and Dr. J. Anderson mentions that orpi-
ment is brought in considerable quantities every year from the neigh-
bourhood of Talifoo, in the Chinese province of Yunan, to Yungchan
and Momien, for exportation to Rurma.^
Stibnito has been reported from numerous places in India, in
some of which it is said to occur abundantly. The lodes at Shigri in
Lahol (North-West Himalayas) are described as of extraordinary rich-
ness, one "'of solid ore," being from 10 to 15 feet wide ® (Pt. III,p. 168).
» Eecordi, G. S. I., Vol. XIX, p. 270.
* Natural ProductiouB of Burma, p. 61. The author evidently means Upper Burma in
the passage quoted.
* Records, G. 8. 1., Vol. II, p. 88.
^ Eipedition to Western Yunan, pp. 92, 328.
* Kulu : its beauties, &c., by J. Calvert, p. 49.
MOLYBDENITE.
Mineralogy.]
IS
Stibnite appears to be pretty general throughout the Tenasserim
provinoes^ accompanying the sandstone of the older formation^ in which
it is found forming veins of various dimensions^ which lamify in all
directions from the principal vein. Several localities in the sandstone
range of hills enclosed by the Attaran and Maulmain rivers have been
worked. * * * Specimens of this ore have been brought from several
sites on the small creeks of the Gyne^ Haundran^ and Zimmee rivers/^ ^
Some of the deposits in the Amherst district (Tenasserim) have
lately been described by Mr. W. R. Griper. At Toungwayn, near
Maulmain, ^'the stibnite occurs in pockets, or isolated masses, in a
whitish quartzose sandstone, the rock in the immediate neighbour-
hood being often stained of a bluish colour by the antimony itself.
The deposits are generally found in, or by the side of, dykes, or
rather fissures, traversing the sandstone, filled with a whitish quartzOse
rock, and usually having well-defined walls.'^ The sulphide is altered
near the surface into cervantite. At Tse-lse-dwin, at the 2Srd mile from
Maulmain on the Amherst road, another mine, or rather quarry, was
opened, measuring about 50' x 12' x 12'. *^The deposit is divided by
well-defined walls from the ordinary yellow sandstone surrounding it.
The ore in these deposits dies out entirely, and no lode, or even string, is
left to show in what direction more may be found. Sandstone surrounds
it on all sides, and the only chance of any indication lies in the occur-
rence of an outcrop along, or near, the line of dyke or fissure. From a
single deposit a few tons only of ore is obtained. The richest ore is in
the centre, and may contain as much as 70 percent, of antimony (metal),
and from this it graduates off into a blue slaty stone contaming two or
three per cent, only of the metal." *
Bismuthinite. — Sulphuret of bismuth occurs with the ore of anti-
mony in the sandstone range of hills," enclosed by the Attaran and
Maulmain rivers, in Tenasserim, but it is not known whether the mineral
exists in any quantity.^
Molybdenite* — Fairly good individual specimens — plates up to an
inch across— have been found in the Patru river near Mahabagh, with
galena, copper pyrites, bornite and blende, in a matrix of coccolite and
garnet, but the mineral is very rare.*
A few plates have also been observed in the Baraganda copper mine,
where it occurs with copper and iron pyrites, and a little blende, in
» £. O’Riley : Jour, of the Indian Archipelago, Vol. Ill, p. 733.
* Records, 0. S. I., Vol. XVIII (1886), p. 163. Mr. H. B. Medlicott (Z.c.) suggests a
doubt whether the matrix may not be a partially disintegrated metamorphic rock.
« B. O’Riley : Jonr. of the Indian Archipelago, Vol. Ill, p. 737.
« The locality is described in Records, G. S. I., Vol. V 11, p. 34, but the molybdenite
was discovered subsequently, during some unsuccessful mining operations.
14
OEOLOOT OF INDIA— O'RILEYITE.
[Put IV.
ohloiitic and mioaoeous schist. At Umri, near Damn, on the Damunia
iiYar, Mr. F. Fedden obtained a £aw scales of the same substance. There
ace specimens in the Museum from the above localities, which are all in
the HadLribfigh district, Bengal.
The same mineral is said by Mr. Ball to occur in the metamorphic
rocks of M4nbhum.*
Aocoidicg to Dr. Balfour, Captain Campbell** discovered an iron (?)
ore resembling sulphuret of molybdena about four hundred yards from
Bombay House in the Nilgiris.*
2.— -Binary Gomponnds— Sulphides and Arsenides of
Metals of Series L’'
A. Basic Division.
O’Rileyite.— This name was given^ by Dr. D. Waldie, to a substance
of which two samples were sent to him for examination in 1863 by Mr.
O^Rileyy Deputy Commissioner of Martaban. Dr. Waldie received no
definite information as to the locality whence they were brought, but in
a letter to the Commissioner of Tenasserim ^ Mr. O^Biley says, The site of
this deposit is said to be on the Yoonzalem river, and accessible by
boats.’^
The second sample is described as having an uneven fracture of a
laminated structure, somewhat cellular, of a steel-gray colour, with a
purplish tint and metallic lustre. In general appeaiancc it is like mis-
piokcl, but of a redder shade.^^ Hardness =^5*6, streak dark gray;
specific gravity of small pieces at 81° F,=7’348, of the powder 7’4i8.
The first sample was similar in api)earance. On analysis they respect-
ively gave —
Copper .
. 17-000
12-13
Silver .
•096
...
Iron
. 86-470
42-12
Arsenic •
. 32-700
38-45
Antimony
. 1-160
-54
Snlphnr
. 1-360
...
Oxide of copper
• ...
1-21
Protoxide of iron
1-97
Oxide of lead
...
1*89
Arsenious acid
. •••
1-12
Earthy matter
. -660
-12
Loss * .
. 10-624
*45
KXKKH)
100-00
Insoluble in dilute UCl.
Soluble in dilute HC1,
' Memoirs. G. 8. 1., Vol. XVIII, p. 108.
* The Iron Ores, Ac., of the Madras Presidency (1855), p. 182,
^ Or Gold, Iron, and Tin groups.
* llatod 6th December 1864.
OAunrA.
15
Miaarriogy.]
Hie loas in tiie fint analysis was thought to be suunly due to
arsenic volatilised as chloride.^
Taking the new atomic wtights, the figones given in Dr. Waldie’s
second analysis afford theatomic proportion (As 8b) : .(Cn, Fe) : 2 ; S’28,
giving an approximation to the formula (Cu, Fe), As„ or, more generally,
(Cu, Fe), (As Sb),. According to this result, O’Bileyite is more nearly
allied to domeykite than to any other known mineral, the latter,
(Cn,), As,, being an arwnide of copper alone, while in O’Rileyite the
copper is largely replaced by iron.
According to Dr. Heifer, “ to the south of the island of Madramee
(Tenasserim), " veins of an iron ore occur, whose constituents are, besides
iron, copper, lead, and arsenic."* Is this O'Kileyite or something
allied thereto ?
B. Proto Divi8ion>-General formula RS (or R^gS), RAs.
•
Galena^ in greater or less quantity^ is a widely-distributed mineral.
Galena being in India^ as elsewhere^ almost synonymous with ^ lead ore,'
Mr. Ball's chapter on Lead (Pt. Ill, p. 281) gives an abstract of the
information available up to 1881. In his chapter on Silver may be found
assays of about ninety samples of Indian galena, giving the number of
ounces of the precious metal per ton of lead.
The mineral has been found at the following localities in Tenasserim,
according to Mr. E. O'Riley
1. In the Faguh range of limestone hills which occur between the
Yen-bani and Thoung-yeen rivers, having a course parallel to
that of the Salween river.
2. In the limestone ranges situated between the Hloni Bwai and the
Salween.
3. On the Zemmee river, in the cavernous limestone near its source.
4. At the head waters of the Tuung-Byouk stream, which pierces the
upraised limestone beds.
The ore has been found in cubic and octahedral crystals, and in
lamellar, granular, and compact masses. The analysis of a specimen of
a compact steel-grained variety," of specific gravity 7*2, from the Faguh
range, is said to have shown—
Lead 80*24
Silver 4*13
Sulphur 14*06
9842
* Proceedings. As. Soc., Bengal, 1870, p. 279.
* The ProviuccB of Ye, Tavoy, and Mcrguii p. 29.
16
GEOLOGY OF 1ND1A<^JAIPUBIT£.
[Part nr.
If the analysis be oorrectj the specimen was a very remarkable one
from the extraordinarily high percentage of silver, but as on the same
page Mr. O’Riley speculates on the discovery perhaps of a galena
containing a percentage of silver which would amply repay an invest-
ment of capital therein,”^ one cannot but suspect that there may be some
mistake. In a subsequent communication Mr. O’Riley states that galena
had been obtained from ten difEerent localities in the Martaban district.’
A sample from one of these, analysed by Dr. D. Waldie, jrielded -
Lead 85*22
Sulphnr 18*11
Silver, antimony solphide, earthy matter, and Iom 1*67
100*00
the silver being equal to 5 oz. 14 dwt. per ton of ore.
Samples from the Thandiani range, in the Abbottabad tahsil of the
Hazara district, and from the Zidig kotal, in K6firistan, have been lately
sent to the museum. The lead reduced from the former of these was
found to contain 15 oz. 1 dwt. of silver to the ton, and that from the
latter 28 oz. 5 dwt.
Bornite. — Some good specimens of this mineral, from Bairuki, 9
miles north-west of Deoghar in the Santh&l pargannahs, were presented
to the museum some time ago by the Deoghar mining company. The
mode of occarrence is described under chalcopyrite (p. 25) . The mineral
has also been found in small quantity, with chalcopyrite, galena, blende,
and molybdenite, in a matrix of coccolite and garnet, in the Patru river,
near Mahabagh, in the adjoining district of Hazaribagh.
Several writers mention bornite amongst the ores found in the cop-
per mines of Kumaon and Garhwal, where it is associated with chal-
cocite, tetrahedrite, and chalcopyrite, the last mentioned being the
main ore.’ On crossing from the Moosye range to the mountains of
Baghye, in Northern Afghanistan, Captain Drummond obtained some
rich specimens of bornite in different places, and at Kila Ataye observed
several 4 ][uartzose veins carrying the same mineral, which was also noticed
in smaller quantity in one or two other places.^
Jaipurite. — In most standard works on mineralogy some reference is
to be found to syepoorite,” a sulphide of cobalt stated, on the author-
ity of Mr. J. Middleton, to occur in the independent state of Sye-
poore,” in Rajputana. No mineral of the same composition has been
^ Joamal of the Indian Archipelago, Vd. HI, p. 786.
* Letter to the Commissioner of Tenasserim, dated 6th December 1864. See dso map
in Records, O. S. I., Vol. VI, p. 94-
* The literature relating to these mines is rather extensive, --vide Ft. Ill, pp. 267,
618 .
^ Journal of the Asiatic Society, Bengal, Vol. X, p. 74.
JAIPURITE.
Mineialogy.]
17
discovered in any other part of the worlds and Mr. Middleton^s results
have not been corroborated by later investigations. His description is as
follows ; —
** The mineral poBsessing greatest interest amongst those above ennmerated ^ is
the snlpharet of cobalt. It is found in the copper mines in considerable abundance
and exists in a primitive schist in the form of bands and disseminated grains, the
colour of which is a steel gray inclining to yellow. The grains appear to be ciystallized,
and are probably the cube and its derivatives. * *** * By very careful and repeated
analysis the reduction process having been adopted for the metal, I found the pro-
portion of the constituents to he, taking the average^
Cobalt • 64*64 per cent.
Sulphur 35*36 „
from which it is obvious that the substance is a sub-sulphuret, that its constitution is
C 03 S, a rather remarkable result, considering that the iron compound, doubtless of
simultaneous formation, is different.^ The cobalt pyrites has a specific gravity of
6*45. It is used by Indian jewellers for staining gold of a delicate rose-red colour.
The modus operandi which they follow I have been unable to learn ; it is a secret with
them, which they are unwilling to disclose." ^
The name ^syepoorite ^ appears to have been given by Nicol, who in
his manual of mineralogy (1849) says : This name may be given to a
sulphuret of cobalt, probably a distinct species, found in primary rocks
with pyrite and chalcopyrite at Syepoore, near Rajputana.^^ Nicol also
substituted the formula CoS for Co^S, as given by Middleton. Whether
the old or the new atomic weights be adopted, the figures in Middleton’s
analysis closely ccirespond to the formula CoS. It was subsequently
pointed out by Major W. A. Ross * that ** Syepoore near Rajputana
should read ‘ Jeypoor in Rdjputana.’ The name is spelled ^ Syepoore ’ in
Middleton’s original paper, the S being probably a mere typographical
error. In the oflScial Gazetteer of Rajputana the name of the state in
question is spelled 'Jaipur,’ and hence the name of the mineral should be
spelled ' jaipurite.’
An ore of cobalt has long been worked at the Ehetri copper mines
in Jaipur, and sold to the Indian enamellers, &c., under the name of
' sehta.’ The sehta, which is produced by pounding the slaty cobaRifer-
ous rock, and washing away the siliceous matter, has been compa^ to
" a fine gray sand having the appearance of iron filings.” It consists of
a cobaltiferous mineral, in minute crystals belonging to the isometrio
system, mixed with copper and iron pyrites, &c. Cobalt is not known
to have been found in any other part of Jaipur, or indeed of Rajputana,
and it appears, therefore, practically certain that the mineral analysed by
‘ ** Salpburet of copper, sulphate of copper, sulphuret of cobalt, alum,"
* Vide « Pyrrhotite,” p. 22.
8 Memoirs and Proceedings of the Chemical Society, Vol. Ill, p. 39 ; republished|ui the
Philosophical Magazine, Vol. XXVIII (1846), p. 852.
* Proceedings of the Royal Society, Vol. XXI, p. 292.
C
18
GEOLOGY OF INDU— BLENDE.
[Part IV.
Middleton was contained in tbe sehta just mentioned. Since tlien three
distinct samples of sehta have been examined^ pne by Major Boss ^ and
two by the present writer,* and in none of them has any simple sulphide
of cobalt been detected. The isometric crystals, which formed the main
constituent. Major Boss found, by a blowpipe analysis, to contain arsenic
and antimony in addition to sulphur and cobalt. The similar crystals
examined by the writer were subjected to quantitative analysis and blow-
pipe determination, and found to be cobaltite.* These results cannot be
^taken as disproving the accuracy of Mr. Middleton's analysis, as there
may he two distinct isometric minerals found apart in different portions
of the mines, but they are certainly suggestive of doubt. In this con-
nection it may be noticed that Middleton records having obtained some
unexpected reactions during his analysis which he does not fully explain,
and that if his results be accepted in their entirety, a second new mineral
peculiar to the Khetri mines, and having some very remarkable proper*
ties, must be recognised.^
With reference to Mr. Middleton's statement that the cobalt ore is
used by Indian jewellers for staining gold of a delicate rose-red colour,"
it is employed by the jewellers of Jaipur for enamelling, in different
shades of blue, on gold and silver.* But, beyond the statement just
quoted, we have no knowledge of its being used in any way for the
production of a red tint.
Blende is not known to occur in any part of India in large quantity,
although a trifling amount has been observed in several places where the
mineral is subordinate to other ores. In addition to the localities
noticed by Mr. Ball (Ft. Ill, p. 812), Bairuki, in the Santhal pargan-
nahs* the Belar copper mine in Garhwal,*^ and the Sabathu lead
mine, near Simla, may be mentioned, while recently a specimen has been
received from Kashmir, the exact locality of which was not given.
Blende containing gold and silver is said to have been found in the
Madura district of Madras.*
Under the name of ' Newboldite ' Mr. H. Piddington has described* an
appl^green mineral occurring, in small quantity, in a gangue of quartz,
barite and gypsum, and in one of what be described as carbonate of iron.
» /Wd.
> fiecords, G. S. I., Vol. XIV, p. 190.
* Vtie ** Cobaltiie and Danaite/' pp. 27 and 28.
* Vide “ Pyrrhotite,” p. 22.
* Eneineen’ Journal (Calcntta), Vol. VI. p* 29. Journal of the Asiatic Society, Bengal,
Vol. XXXllL p 625.
* Page 25.
7 Select. Records, Government of India, No. VI 11, p. 10.
* Ainslie’s Materia Medina of Hindoostan (1818), pp. 54, 58.
* Journal, Asiatic Society, Bengal, Vol. XVI (1^), Pt 2, p. 1129.
*mwlogy.] CIULCOCITO.
Ume> fi»ud oprium. It vf^a fouud bj Oaptaiu Newbold ** betwcieu Cma-
mum in Cuddap^b and GIpgrapilly in Kumool/^ apparently about 6 miles
east q£ Oazpopilly (Gograpilly ?) in somp deperted lead mines.^ The
result p£ Mr. Piddipgton^s analysis led him to regard the mineral as
a new and very remarkable one, wbipb is a double suljpAufep ojf irof fnifd
an earth 1 *^^ but the amount separable for examination i^ae^ ps the
author remarks, so small that he was unable to deterpiine what parth
was. ^
Amongst the collections made over to Government by tlm
Society in 1866, the present writer found a small glass tube, labelled
'Earth p£ Newboldite,' and containing *26 of a grain of pale fawn-
coloured and whitish powde^r. Of this, *21 grain was found insoluble in
HCl, H2 SO4, or aqua regia, and from this insoluble portion *16 grain of
silicp was obtained after fusion with KSCO3 + Na2C03. The remainder
of the powder consisted, in part at least, of alumina, oxide of iron, and
oxide of copper.
There are, in the museum, specimens of ferruginous carbonate of zinc,
with barite, hornstone, and a little green blende, from the Kurnool district,
which, judging from their close resemblance to certain other specimens
in the same collection, and to the ore of the Baswapur-Oazoopilly mines,
as described by Captain Newbold, almost certainly came from those
mines; that is to say, from the locality from which the 'Newboldite^
was obtained. The present writer is inclined to believe that the mineral
described as carbonate of cerium, &c., was the carbonate of zinc just
mentioned,^ and in several respects — colour, hardness, specific gpravity, and
cleavage — Newboldite, as described, agrees with the blende above noticed.
It should, however, be added that the former is stated to decrepitate vio-
lently when heated, while fragments of the latter tried by the writer
only did so slightly. The precipitates recorded as produced by various
reagents when added to a solution of Newboldite in acid, agree very
fairly with those obtainable with a solution of ferruginous blende.^ It
is true, it is not stated that the precipitate given by potash or ammonia
is mainly soluble in an excess of the re-agent ; but, on the othoL band,
there is no statement to the contrary. It may be suggested wat the
large amount of zinc in blende could not have been overlooked by the
author quoted, but in this connection a comparison of the en^yses given
under tetrahedrite and nepaulite^ is not without point.
Ghalcocite. — At the old copper mines near Garimanipenta, in the
» Vol. XV, p. 390 j and XVI, Pt. 2, p. 1134.
^ Italics and note of exclamation in original.
’ Vide ** SmitliBonite.*’
* The blende in question was fouud to contain iron.
» Page 30.
to GEOLOGY OF INDIA— OHALCOCITE. [Part IV
Nellore district, chaloocite is said to occur abundantly, with malachite,
in unbroken veins/^ ^ There is a specimen in the museum, from this
locality, weighing about 6 pounds, which evidently formed part of an
irregular vein, 2 or 3 inches thick. With the exception of a little mala-
chite and atacamite, and a few disseminated crystals of magnetite, the
maRfi is solid chalcocite.*
In the same collection are specimens of the ore from Birman ghat
in the Narsinghpur district (Central Provinces), where it occurs with
various oxidized cupreous minerals;’ Sorai, in the Lalitpur district,
North-Western Provinces;^ Kodada,in Dhaibhum; Jamjura, in Seraikela,
Singhbhum ; and Bairuki, near Deoghar, in the Santhal pargannahs.’ In
the last-mentioned locality the chaloocite is subordinate to purple copper.
The ore is one of the most common in the Singhbhum mines, and is
considered by M. Stoehr the original one from which the oxidized ores
have been derived.®
We have a fair specimen from Baxa, in the Bhutan duars, the only
place in the Eastern Himalayas from which the mineral seems to have been
reported hitherto, the ordinary ore in the mines there being copper pyrites.
Various authors mention chaloocite amongst the ores found in the mines
of Garhwal, where it has been noticed at Dhunpoore, Pokri, and A1
Agur.^ In the Punjab Exhibition of 1864 a specimen was shown from
Rondu, 16 marches beyond Kashmir.®
In the Salt range chaloocite has been found in a somewhat unusual
form, occurring in nodular concretions, varying in bulk from the size of a
millet seed to that of a walnut, disseminated through variegated purple or
lavender shales and clays of palseozoic (silurian?) age.’ Small green
patches of silicate and carbonate of copper may also be observed in masses
of siliceous sinter which occur in the shales. The chaloocite in some of
the nodules is very pure, but frequently it only forms the centre of nodular
concretionary masses of gypsum and barite. Very often the sulphide is to
a greater or less extent converted into carbonate, only the centre of the
nodule remaining unaltered. (Specimens now in the Museum are converted
rather^rgely into cuprite, as well as malachite and chrysocolla, and also
» Jonmal, Asiatic Society, Bengal, Vol. IV, (1835), pp. 677, 578 ; Journal, Royal
Asiatic Society, Vol. VII, p. 160.
2 Records, G. S. I.. Vol. Xll, p. I7l.
* Pt. Ill, p. 257.
* Vide p. 29.
* Page 26.
* Records, G. S. 1., Vol. Ill, p. 88.
7 Asiatic Researches, Vol XVIII, Pt. I, p. 242 ; Select. Records, Government of
India, No. VIII, pp. 6, 7 ; Ibid,, No. XVJI, p. 62.
^ Economic Products of the Punjab, by Baden-Powcll, Vol. I, p. 10.
* Memoirs, G. 8. 1., Vol. XIV, p. 91.
CINNABAR.
21
inclade a little pyrites.) A pure specimen of the ohalcodte analysed by
Dr. Fleming yielded—
Copper 76'880
Snlpbnr U'OOO
Sulphnret of lead 8*166
Iron and antimony a trace
99*985 >
Usually, however, the concretions appear to contain a much lower percent-
age of copper, varying between 12 and 20 per cent. Dr. Fleming was of
opinion that the siliceous sinter was deposited by thermal waters permeat-
ing the shales, which had also been the vehicle by which the copper sul-
phide had been introduced, the latter subsequently aggregating into
nodules. So complete has been the segregatory action, he remarks, that
not a trace of copper can be detected when small portions of the shales
are submitted to analysis. Although the cupriferous beds have been traced
through a distance of not less than 40 miles, between Bayaar, east of
Moosakhaily and Kuttha, the quantity of ore obtainable is very insigni-
ficant, and only noticeable from a mineralogical point of view.
Captain Drummond discovered small cupriferous veins containing
chalcocite, red oxide, &c., at Tezeen and Dobundee, in Northern Afghanis-
tan.* Colonel Bi ooke speaks of ^ black sulphuret * as one of the minerals
worked at Khetri, in Bajputana, where it is, however, subordinate to
copper pyrites, and amongst the specimens from the mines sent by him
to the Asiatic Society ^ glance ores ^ are mentioned.®
Cinnabar. — Not known to occur in India. (Pt. Ill, p. 170.) Ac-
cording to Dr. R. Saunders, cinnabar, containing a large portion of quick-
silver, is found in Tibet,^^ by which, probably, the portion between
Eastern Bhutan and the Sangpo river, where he travelled, is meant.^
^ This IB the analysia as given by Mr. W. Theobald (Jour. As. Soc., Bengal, Vol. XXIII,
p. 662), who says it was published in the Delhi Gazette, 1850. In Dr. Fleming’s ow^ paper,
however (Ibid,, Vol. XXII, 1863, p. 258), what is evidently the same analysis is given
thus : —
Copper 75*890
Sulphur 21*000
Sulphuret of soda 9*165
Peroxide of iron and alluminie 0*15
100*000
There being certainly one typographical blunder in the word ' alluminie,' it is not difficult
to believe that eoda has crept in for lead.
* Jour. As. 8oc., Bengal, Vol. X, p. 77.
» Ibid., Vol. XXXIII, pp. 622, 629.
* Captain S. Turner’s Embassy to Tibet (1800), p 405.
GEOLOGY OP lEDlA— PTRRHOTITE.
[fmrr.
n
PyrrhOtite. — Specimens of pjrrrhotite, ^th chalcopyritej in talcose
schist, from Pokri in 6arhw£I, and of the same two minerals in gray
slate from Daribo in Ulwur,^ are included in the museum collections.
According to Captain Dangerfield, magnetic pyrites is common, in chlorite
slate, in the Maunpoor or Suloombur range, some 40 miles or more to
the south-east of Oodeypore.*
Fyrrhotite is found in the Khetri mines, Bajputana, with chalcopy-
rite, &c., and there is reason to believe that it occurs there in consider-
able abundance. Specimens in the museum, consisting of pyrrhotite and
copper pyrites, disseminated through a slaty gangue, were found to contain
a trifling amount of cobalt with a trace of nickel. The latter is very
probably a constituent of the pyrrhotite, the cobalt most likely being
•present as cobaltite in very minute crystals.* The pyrrhotite in the above
specimens has the ordinary colour and metallic lustre.
In his paper on the mineral since termed jaipurite, which, as already
pointed out,^ was obtained beyond all reasonable doubt from the Khetri
mines, Mr. Middleton writes : —
“ What is particularly remarkable in this (cohalt) ore is its purity, so far sur-
passing in this respect an/ that, so far as 1 am aware, is to be met with anywhere
else. The only substance in combination with it, after separation of the matrix, is
an iron pyrites, which is, however, but mechanically mixed, and !bo highly magnetic
as to be readily removeable by the magnet. The relative proportions in which these
two exist are —
Cobalt pyrites . 90*78 per cent.
Iron 9*22 „
“ The iron pyrites consists of black amorphous granules without metallic lustre,
and, as above stated, it is highly magnetic, having at the same time the low specific
gravity of 2*58. It gpves on analysis-
iron 62*27 percent.
Sulphur 37*73 „
** The analysis was carefully made, and repeated for verification, so that, notwith-
standing the specific gravity is so much lower than that assigned as characteristic of
iron pyrites, there can be no doubt such is the constitution of this constituent of the
ore in question.***
The percentage found by Middleton corresponds to FeiySjg, or
intermediate between the composition of pyrrhotite, as ordinarily given,
and that of troilite, being very near both. But the physical characters
of the mineral as given by him are widely different ; the colour is black,
the lustre non-metallic, and the specific gravity extraordinarily low.
Such remarkable results certainly need confirmation.
> Page 24.
s Malcolm’s Central India, Vol. II, p. 340.
> Page 27.
• Page 17.
* Memoirs and Proceedings of the Chemical Society, Vol. Ill, p. 89; republished io
thp PhikaoDbical Mm^zine, Vol XXVIll (1846), p. 852.
itinMlogy.] StJLlPHlDt 6f LRiD AND COPPBR. 28
Sulphide of lead and copper (?).— An ore brought by Dr. Heyne from
Madras, where it was sold in the shops for medical purposes, but which
he thought had probably come originally from Malacca or Sumatra, was
examined by Dr. Thomas Tliomson, in 1814.^ As the substance was
not impossibly Indian, the result may be introduced here.
External colour blackish-blue. On a fresh fracture the appearance
of steel-grained galena, bat with a darker colour. Subject to^ speedy
tarnish. Fracture small-grained, uneven. External lustre glimmering
and semi-metallict Internal lustre splendent and metallic. Soft, easily
scratched with a knife. Streak lead-blue. Rather sectile. Specific
gravity = 6*590.®
On analysis Dr. Thomson obtained —
Lead
Copper
Iron
Sulphur
Loss
50*059
82*500
1*370
11*328
4*743
100*000
He thought that the deficiency was due to sulphur lost during analy-
sis, and found that the percentages of metal obtained were equivalent
to —
Sulphnret of lead
•
. 67*269
FbS
. 67*80
Sulphuret of copper .
.
. 40*850
CujS
. 40*73
Sulphnret of iron
. 2190
FeS
2*16
100-809
100*68
He therefore considered the substance, which he believed to be a
natural product, and a chemical compound of the two principal constitu-
ents, not a mixture, to be a sulphide of lead and copper. Tlie sulphide
of iron he regarded as accidental, but he gives no reason for this opinion.
In the fourth column above. Dr. Thomson's figures are re-calculated,
using more recent atomic weights. Accepting the loss as sulphur, the
figures of his analysis afford the atomic ratio S : Cu^ : Pb : Fe : 2 ; 1*026 :
*965 : *097, giving a close approximation to the formula CugS. (PbFe) S.
If the iron be excluded as pyrrhotite or pyrite, the formula will approxi-
mate, though not so closely, to CugS. PbS.
It is noticeable that no mention is made of this substance in
Dr. Thomson's Mineralogy (1836).
1 Memoirs of the Wernerian Nat oral History Society, Yol. II (1818), p. 262.
* According to Dr. Heyne, some pieces were of specific gravity as low as 4*9.
S4
GEOLOGY OF INDIA^CHALCOPTRITE.
[PwtlV.
G. Deuto Division— General formula R8*, RAs,.
Pyrite is a widely distributed mineral occurring in formations
of various ages. But nowhere is it known to occur, either in forms of
any special mineralogical interest, or in deposits sufficiently extensive to
be of much practical importance (Pt. Ill, p. 418).^
Chalcopyrite. — In India, as in so many other parts of the world,
chalcopyrite is by far the most abundant ore of copper, and that most
commonly met with. It has been mined in various parts of the country,
and is known to occur in many others. In Mr. BalFs chapter on Copper
(Pt. Ill, p. 239) will be found a rSsume of the information published on
the subject.
• The Daribo mine,* in Ulwur, lUjputana, was examined in 1884 by
Mr. T. F. Andresen, M.E., who arrived at the conclusion that the deposit
is a true fissure vein, occurring at the junction of the quartzites with
the black slates, the copper-bearing stratum being formed between these.
The hanging wall consists of quartzite and the foot wall of black slate.
The course of the lode is a few points east of south, with an average
width of 20 inches ^ithe croppings can be plainly traced for a distance of
over half a mile, and the ledge has a varying dip of from 80® to 50®.
The mineral is principally copper pyrites. * * * TheChipta copper
mines, of which there are two, are situated in a series of rolling hills
about four miles from Dariba ; they are said to have yielded good ore in
large quantities.^^*
The opening out of the old Baraganda mines, in the Hazaribagh
district^ by the Bengal Baraganda copper company, has afforded an
opportunity for examining the deposits there ubder much more favourable
circumstances than before. When visited by the writer in January
1885, the workings had attained a depth of 174 feet and were well
below the old native pits. As in so many other parts of India, the copper
ore does not occur in a lode, but as a constituent of schistose strata.
The cupriferous rock is mainly chloritic and micaceous schist, of which
the ore forms an integral part. The latter is copper pyrites, occurring
in lenticular masses, which are generally from a sixteento of an inch, or
less, in thickness, up to a quarter of an inch, or more. Occasionally
they exceed an inch, and exceptional specimens of solid ore have been
obtained three or four inches thick. The chloritic or micaceous consti-
1 For pyrite lately diacovered in the Andaman Islande, which is, however, no exception
to the general rule, vide liocords, G. S. I., Vol. XVil, p. 80.
• Records, G. S. I., Vol. X, p. 91.
3 Mining Journal, 80th August 1884, p. 1029.
* Pt. Ill, p. 264.
CHALCOPYBITE.
25
Mineralogy.]
tuent bps round the cnpreonsj so that when lamps of the rook are looked
at on faces parallel to the folbtion^ little or no ore is visible, although
in the best samples a large proportion of copper pyrites can be seen on
fractures across the line of foliation. Associated with the copper ore
there is more or less iron pjrrites, and occasionally a little blende.
Garnet is not unfrequently present in small dodecahedral crystals.
Translucent quartz, containing more or less ore, occurs through the
schist in lenticular layers of every thickness from a s mall fraction of an
inch to more than a foot. The layers ^e sometimes so strangulated as
to approach a globular form. The foliation of the schist, on the brge
scale, is, like that of the adjacent country rock, or barren schist, vertical,
or very nearly so. The cupriferous band, as exposed in the workings, varies
considerably in thickness, from about 20 to 40 feet. The distribution of
ore is very unequal. Some portions of the rock are very poor, otherl
comparatively rich. A carefully-selected average sample from a heap of
some 250 tons of the richer class of ore, undressed, as it came from the
mine, was found by the writer to contain 8-04 per cent, of copper,
equal to 8*79 per cent, of copper pyrites.
The Deoghar mining company's property at Bairuki, in the Santhal
pargannahs,^ has also been examined by the writer. The mine is situated
some 800 yards east of the East Indian Railway, about 5 miles north of
Baidyailiith station. The ' country rock ^ on either side of the ore-bearing
stratum is a rather fine-grained, well-foliated gneiss, composed of translu-
cent quartz, white felspar, and black or dark-coloured mica. The rock is
highly garnetiferous in some places. The metalliferous stratum is a white
tremolite schist, which varies greatly in thickness in diffc^rent parts of
the mine. In some places it is as much as six or eight feet ; in others it is
but one or two ; or, again, dwindles to a few inches. There are spots,
too, where it is entirely absent. This irregularity is probably due, in
large part, to original variations in the thickness of the stratum, but
partly to subsequent compression. Very clear sections are obtainable,
in the levels and cross-cuts, of the gneiss on either side. Although
there is generally a well-marked plane of demarcation between the two
rocks (and consequently well-marked hanging and foot wall to the ore-
band), the foliation of one rock is quite conformable to that of the other,
and it seems clear that the ore-band is a portion of the metamorphic
schists themselves, and not a true lode. As far as the writer is aware, in-
deed, tremolite has not been observed as a true veinstone.
The general strike of the ore-band, and of the gneiss on either side,
is about E. — W., with a high dip to the south, which averages perhaps
70°.
The copper ore is chiefly of two kinds ; copper pyrites, which occurs
' Pt. Ill, p. 244.
26
GEOLOOT OF INDIA-CHALCOPTBITE.
[PM I?.
in smAllj irregular, lenticular masees lying parallel to the foliation of the
schist, and to all appearance forming (like the dte at Baraganda) an
origiDal constituent of the schist itself ; and purple copper, which occurs
partly in the same way as the above, but partly in small strings more
or less transverse to the foliation. The ore found in the lower part of
the mine (the 150-feet level and below) is mainly of the first kind ;
that in the upper part (80-feet level, &c.) is mainly of the second. It
may be that the purple copper is due to alteration of the other, and that
the cross strings have been prodjuced during the process.
Besides the chief ores there is a little chalcocite, but it is very rare ;
also black copper and green carbonate, &c., in small quantity. Some
blende and galena have been found, the former chiefly with the yellow
ore, and there is some iron pyrites present likewise.
The amount of ore which has been obtained is quite trifling in com-
parison with the amount of work that has been done, not exceeding a few
tons. Some good ore was orginally found at the surface (which led to the
mining adventure being undertaken) ; and two or three productive
pockets were met with at certain parts of the workings ; but elsewhere
the ore-bearing stratum is very poor.
The metal-bearing stratum does not admit of being traced east or
west of the mine by any surface indications, other than the general
strike of the gneiss. There is no gossan, or other indication oAre, and
the writer observed no outcrop of the tremolite schist.
Some large lumps of galena were obtained, at or near the surface,
from a spot about 150 yards S.8.-W. of the mine, and the rocks there
show some green strains of copper. A pit was sunk, but no further
ore was obtained in it.
Cbalcopyrite, occurring with iron pyrites and hematite in irregular
strangulated veins, and also with the same minerals in what appears to be a
true lode, with chloritic quartzose gangue, was discovered near Port Blair,
in the Andaman islands, by Mr. M. V. Portman in 1883. The ores
occur in connection with altered and eruptive rocks, but are not likely to
prove of any practical value.^ The same sulphides have also been
found, under very similar citcumstances, at Kamorta, in the Nicobar
islands.*
A peculiar specimen of copper pyrites, from the Mangphu mine,
in the Darjiling district, may be noticed here. It was sent for examin-
ation by Mr. A. O. Hume in 1873, and was described by Mr. Tween,
late chemist to the Geological Survey, as very hard to scratch and
much resembling iron pyrites.^^ The resemblance in colour to the latter
> Becoids, G. 8. 1.. Vol. XVTI, p. 80.
H. Rink, Selec. Records, Government of In<jUa, No. LXXVII, p. 188.
Kn«nlogy.]
87
mineral wafe aim tioti^ed by the n^ritaf. Ntfiwlihs^aitdiiig the paleness
of tint, Mr Tween's analysis gave-^
Copper
.
.
. 28-8
84-6
Iron
.
•
. 26-6
80-6
Sulphur
.
•
. 29*0
84-8
Quartz
. 16-7
100-0
lOO-O
— a result which, excluding the quartz, coincides almost exactly with
the theoretical composition of chalcopyrite.. The unusual hardness and
pale colour were doubtless due to the disseminated quartz. The ore com-
monly found in the mine is copper pyrites of the ordinary shade.^
Cobaltite occurs in minute crystals, disseminated through dark-
gray slate, in some of the Khetri mines in Rajputana, especially those
at Bahai and Bagor, two villages respectively 8 and 2 stiles south of
Khetri. Associated with it are copper and iron pyrites aiyl danaite. The
crystals, almost without exception, are combinations of the cube, pen-
tagonal dodecahedron and octahedron, with the cube as the
predominant form (fig. 1) in a very few the octahedron predominates.
The largest crystals are only about the fiftieth of an inch in diameter.
Specific gravity =6*00« The mineral yielded on analysis * —
Sulphur
Arsenic
Antimony
Cobalt
Nickel
Iron .
Ghingue
19*46
43-87
trace.
28*30
trace.
7*83
•80
100*26
Under the name of 'sehta' the mineral is used by Indian jewellers
for producing a blue enamel.* According to Colonel J. C. Brooke (writing
some years ago), not more than 2001b per month was obtained from
any one mine.*
' Memoirs. G. S. I., Vol. XI, p. 76.
> Major W. A. Boss has described a cobaltic mineral from the same mines, occurring
in similar minute crystals showing identically the same combination of faces. As his quan-
titative analysis, showing cobalt, antimony, arsenic, and sulphur, was made with the blowpipe
only, and the percentage of some of the constituents was merely guessed at, one cannot
but strongly suspect the mineral to have been cobaltite. Major Ross himself says that his
results are merely given “ temporarily, until a sufficient quantity of the pmre mineral
(not the sand) be obtained to submit it to a regular chemical analysis.”— (Proceedings
Boyal Society, Vol. XXI, p. 392 ; Records, Q. 8. 1., Vd. XIV, p. 192.) *
’ P. E. Mallet : Records, Q. 6. 1., Vol. XIV, p. 190.
^ Vide jaipurite, p. 16.
6 Jour. As. Soc., Bengal, Vol. XXXIII, p. 524.
S8
OEOLOOT OF INDIA-BOURKONITE.
[Partly.
METCasite.— 'Althoogh there can be little doubt that this mineral
exists in many parts of India^ only one notice of its occurrence has
been met with by the writer^ ''prismatic iron pyrites being said to
be "accompanying the upper stratum of the coal to the southward of
Mergui." ^
Leucopyrite.— A mass of leucopyrite, weighing about three quarters
of a pounds was found embedded in the coarse granite of a dyke crossing
the Sakri river, above SAnhk, in Northern Hazaribagh.’
Arsenopyrite.— On the western flank of Sampthar hill, in the Dar-
jiling district, about half a mile W. 20^ S. from the highest summit,
there is a seam about a foot thick, of which perhaps two thirds is
arsenical pyrites (probably arsenopyrite), mixed with iron and copper
pyrites. The remainder of the seam is rusty quartzose schist, which
divides the ore into two layers.*
Accordinf^ to Dr. Mason, arsenical sulphuret of iron occurs in some
parts of Tenasserim, but no localities are given.^
" Arsenical pyrites,^^ which may or may not be arsenopyrite, has been
found at Uchich, near Manikarn, in Kulu and at the Daribo copper
mine, in Ulwur, Rdjputana.®
Danaiie, or cobaltic arsenopyrite, occurs in minute crystals, dissem-
inated through dark*gray slate, in some of the Khetri mines, Jn Raj-
putana. Associated with it are cobaltite (f, u.), copper- and iron-pyrites.
Perhaps the commonest combination shown by the crystals is oo P. P cx).
iPoo, with sometimes the faces Foo.^
3— Ternary Oompoimds— Sulphantimonites,
Snlpharsenites*
Bournonite is said to have been obtained near Maulmain.^ Accord-
ing to Mr. Atkinson, "in digging the foundations of a house at Hawal-
bagh, in Kumaun, the workmen *came on a vessel containing three
crystallized specimens of bournonite, the only trace hitherto discovered
of its existence in these hills (1826).” *
> The Provinces of Te, Tavoy, and Mergui, by J. W. Heifer (1839), p. 29.
* Records, G. S. L, VoL VII, p. 48.
* Records, G. S. I.. Vol. XV, p. 67.
* The Natural Productions of Burma, p. 40.
* Knlu : its beauties, &c., by J. Calvert, p. 62 ; Memoirs, G. S. I., Vol. V, p. 166.
* C. A. Hacket : Records, G. S. I., VoL X, p. 91.
y Records, G, S. I., Vol. XIV, p. 195.
* Burma, Ac., edited by W. Theobald, p. 11.
* Economic Mineralogy of the fliU Districts, North-Western Provinces, p. 23.
TBTBAHBDBITE.
MinftialogjJ
t9
Tetrahedrite. — Some loose pieces of qoartzose cupriferous vemstone,
containing tetrahedrite with native copper, cuprite, and malachite, were
found, by Mr. H, F. Blanford, in a stream south of Veppur in the northern
part of the Trichinopoly district.^
Oray copper is said by Mr. C. Durrschmidt to be one of the chief
ores in the Singhbhum mines,* but Mr. Stoehr states that the original
(unaltered) ore is chalcocite, aud does not mention gray copper.* The
former statement must be looked upon as highly dubious, especially as
Mr. Durrschmidt defines fahlerz as ** gray siilphuret of copper and iron.^'
The ore from Bairuki, in the Santhal pargannahs, called fahlerz by
Mr. Piddington, was probably a mixture of chalcocite, or bornite, and
galena. The author quoted expressly states that it contains no trace
of antimony.^^ *
Tetrahedrite has been found by Mr. Olpherts in small quantity, in a
barite matrix, near Sleemanabad railway station, in the Jabalpur district.
Copper ore has been obtained, although the mode of its occurrence
is rather obscure, at Sorai (or Saunrai) near Maraura, in the Lalitpur
district, North-West-Provinces. The place is said to have formerly
yielded large supplies, and there is some reason to suppose that the ore
was gray copper, at least in part.* Some very poor specimens now in the
museum, however, consist, not of tetrahedrite, but of chalcocite, with a
little copper pyrites, the chief ore being cuprite. According to the Raj-
put&na Gazetteer,* gray copper is said to have been found in the Khetri
mines in Jaipur, but the authority for the statement is not given. The
black sulphuret,'^ mentioned by Colonel Brooke, would seem to have been
chalcocite.^ Captain Drummond noticed, on the ascent of the Silawat
pass, in Northern Afghanistan, ^^a vein or bed of iron oro, upwards of
3U feet in breadth, containing another vein of a mixture of iron and
gray copper in a space about 2 feet wide.^^ " At Dobundee,^^ again,
he writes, on entering the valley I found at Shinkye, on the right
bank of the rivulet, specimens of red oxide and gray copper, but dis-
covered no regular vein at the time. In a ravine named Lahazour, about
half a mile from Shinkye, I observed in a hornblende formation an out-
crop of gray, vitreous, and red oxide of copper, accompanying a vein of
spar principally calcareous. Beyond this, in another ravine named Zera-
zour, there is a thin vein of rich copper ore similar to the preceding for-
> Memoirs, G. S. I., Vol. IV, p. 216.
’ The Copper Mines of Singhbhum, by C. Durrschmidt, pp. 11, 12, 30.
« Becords, G. S. I., Vol. Ill, p. 88.
* Jour. As. Soc., Bengal, Vol. XX, p. 8.
‘ H. B. Medlicott : Memoirs, Q. S. 1., Vol. II, p. 35 ; F. B. Mallet : Becords, G. S. 1.,
Vol. 1, p. 16.
‘ Vol. I, p. 14.
7 Page 21.
80
GEOLOGY OF iEDU— TFTBAHEDRITE.
CPl»rt IV.
mation still hornblende. * * * In the ravine of Chinarkhail 1 found
a vein of copper pyrites cropping out in snudl quantity^ and higher up, at
Chenar^ less than a quarter of a mile from thencej 1 found a vein of gray
copper, about 7 inches wide, with a considerable proportion of iron. ^ f *
The formations here are all hornblende.’^ ^ Although using the term
'vein/ Captain Drummond says that all the ore in that part of the
country is bedded, and conformable to the stratification of the containing
rocks.
Gray copper is said by Captain Herbert to occur in the Dhanpur,
Sira, Gangoli, Ehari, and Shor Gurang mines, in Kumaun and Garhwal.’
But, as he remarks that many distinct species were confounded under
that name (three of which contained no antimony, and one neither anti-
nomy nor arsenic), it is more than doubtful whether any of the 'gray
copper^ he mentions was tetrahedrite. In the case of the Dhanpur mine,
indeed, he says the ore in question contained "50 per cent, of copper,
besides iron and sulphur.’^
Tetrahedrite occurs, in considerable quantity it is said, not far from
Khatmandu, in Nepal. Specimens were presented by General Jung
Bahadur to the Asiatic Society in 1853, which are now in the Geological
museum, and have lately been subjected to analysis.’
The mineral has a metallic lustre, iron-black colour, and dark-brown
streak, slightly tinged with red. It is uncrystallizsed, and occurs irregu-
larly through a somewhat translucent quartz rock, which has a granular
structure, with apparent traces of foliation, suggestive of its being a
metamorphic quartzite rather than a true vein-stone. Azurite, malachite,
melaconite, cervantite, smithsonite, ochre, calcite, &c., occur in associa-
tion with the sulphide ore, most of them being probably results of its
alteration. The sulphide is so mixed up with the gangue that it was
* Jour. As. Soc., Bengal, Vol. X, pp, 76, 77.
^ Asiatic Researches, Vol. XVlll, Pt. 1 (1829), pp. 242, 243.
^ F. K. Mallet : Records, Q. 8. 1., Vol. XVlll, p. 285. Tlie specimens in question are
those which were examined by Mr. Piddiiigton in 1854 (Jour. As. Soc., Bengal, Vol. XXI 11,
p. 170). The analysis given by him is as follows : —
Sulphur 1'60
Silex 3-60
Carbonate of protoxide of bismuth 31*80
„ copper ........... 23*90
Per*carb<maU; of iron *<<6*62
Ox : cerium 940
Lauthauum P 2*80
100*78
Regarding the mineral ns a new carbonate, he gave it the name * Nepaulite,* from the
country whence it had been sent. But, as shown above, the analysis just quoted is entirely
erroncoiu.
Wnenksj.] FBEIBBB0ITI. • SI
on] j by laborioiu picking that enongb 00014 be eepprated for an uialyM>
which gave : —
Sulphur 21*12
Antimony 26*17
Arsenic , 1*82
Copper 88’69
Silver truces.
Lead *80
Iron * 6*38
Zinc 2*44
! Calcium carbonate 1*07
Magnesium „ *18
Insoluble gangue *68
Oxygen, carbonic acid, water and loss 8*75
100*00
The oxygen, carbonic acid, and water are due to malachite, azurite,
and melaconite, from which the sulphide ore could not be wholly freed.
Cervantite was also not improbably present in small quantity, although,
like the calcium carbonate, not visible to the eye. The number of
minerals of apparently secondary origin in association with the sulphide,
and the somewhat laige proportion in which they occur, seem to indicate
that the specimens were obtained from near the surface. Hence it is
not unnatural that the sulphide should he in a somewhat altered condi-
tion. As an indication of the exact composition of the fresh and un-
changed mineral, the analysis is therefore unsatisfactory, but it sufSces
to show beyond all doubt that the mineral is tetrahedrite of a common
type. The above figures correspond to the formula (Sb As)^ 8^ =
(SbAsjgjSy, the excess of metals over the proportion required for
the formula R^(SbAs) 2 S 7 being certainly in part, and probably wholly,
due to the occurrence of some of them partly in an oxidized state, owing
to the alteration of the mineral just alluded to.
Mr. O^Biley states that “ specimens of copper ore have been brought
from several islands of the Mergui archipelago, and all obtained appears
to he of the same character, viz,^ the gray copper ore, containing from
40 to 50 parts of the metal in combination with antimony, iron, and
sulphur.^^
Freihergitt. — ^The author continues : An ore of silver, of which
specimens have been received, was found to consist o| silver, anti-
mony, copper, and sulphur, producing about 35 per cent, of pure metal;
its locality appears, from the information obtained from a Karen, to be
in the range of hills near the head waters of the Hloni Bwai river, ^
' The Hloni Bwai appears to be the river ^hich joins the Hanndran at the town of
Gyne or Qyeing, 20 or 25 miles £.N.E. of Manlmim. It is spelled ** Lhine Boay '* on the
map in Selections from the Uecords of the Qovenunent of India, No. XXIX.
SS * GEOLOOT OF INDU-FREIBEBOITB. IV.
where old workiogs are said to ezist/’^ This appears to be the only
recorded instance of the ocoorrenoe of freibergite in India. The high
percentage of silver, if correctly stated, is remarkable even for this
mineral, but it may be noticed that 50 per cent, of copper is higher
than in any published analysis of tetrahedrite, and close to the
theoretical amount possible in a gray copper free from other basic
metals, so that both statements may, perhaps, be accepted with some
doubt.
' Jonmal of the Indian Archipdago (Singapore), Vol. Ill, p. 737.
Miawalogy.]
SALT.
ds
111. — Chlorides.
Sylvite.— In 1873 a deposit of potassium and magnesium salts was
discovered by Dr. Warth in the Mayo salt mines. They predominated
through a thickness of 6 feet in a bed of hallaty or impure salt, but the
deposit was lenticular, rapidly dying out laterally, so that the total quantity
obtained was only 16 maunds. A portion consisted of sulphate of magne-
sium and potassium, the remainder being a white, or reddish, granular
mixture of sylvite, rock-salt, and kieserite. An analysis by Mr. Tween
gave : —
Potassium chloride ....*••• 61*48
Sodium chloride 29*32
Magnesium sulphate ........ 7*78
Water 2*10
100*63
Some portions of the substance, however, consisted almost exclusively of
sylvite.^
Salt. — Enormous deposits of rock-salt occur in the Salt range of the
Punjab. At the Mayo mines there are five great beds, having an ag-
gregate thickness of 275 feet, alternating with another 275 feet of iallar,
or impure salt, the whole being intercalated in the upper part of about
1,000 feet of red marl and gypsum. Some individual beds of salt are
over 100 feet in thickness. The saline strata underlie beds of doubtful
Silurian age. Immense deposits of (eocene ?) rock-salt occur in the
Kohat district, the thickness exceeding 1,000 feet in one place. A stra-
tum of the same mineral (of undetermined age) exists in the native state
of Mandi, in the North-Western Himalayas.*
Salt also occurs abundantly at the salt lakes of Bajputana, the shal-
low water of which is a more or less fully saturated brine, according to
the season of the year. Around the margin, and sometimes over the
whole (dry) bed, the ground is covered with a crust of salt crystals. The
alluvial deposits also contain salt in some parts of India, which is utilised
by means of brine wells; and chloride of sodium is one of the constituents
of the efflorescence known as reh^ so common on the alluvial soil, in some
parts of the country, especially in the upper provinces. The effloresoence
from which nitre is prepared also contains more or less salt. (Pt.
pp. 888, 895,413,416; Pt. II, pp. 486, 508, 558, 807; Pt. Ill, pp.
475, 496.)
< Mioeralogische Mittheilungen, 1873, p. 185; Becords, G. 8. 1., VII, p. 64; Memoin,
G. 8. 1., Vol. XIV, p. 80 ; Manual, Pt III, p. 487.
’ As pointed out by Mr. Wynne (Memoirs, O. 8. 1., Vol. XIV, p. 81), rock-salt is not
known to occur in the valley of Kashmir, as stated in Dana’s 8yBtem of Mineralogy.
S4
GROLOGV OF INDIA— SALT.
LFuiVr.
From a mineralogical point of view the colourless, transparent, cleav-
able, cubic crystals, which line the walls of fissures in the rock-salt of the
Salt range mines are noticeable. There are specimens in the museum
2 and 2^ inches across, but, according to Dr. Warth, very much larger ones
are fonnd.^ Some of those in the Sujewal and Purwalla mines have the
margins of the cube faces replaced, so that the solid angles have 6
bevelled edges.'^ * The form combined with the cube in these crystals is
doubtless the tetrakishezahedron oo02, the only form bevelling the cube
solid angles, in the way mentioned, which has hitherto been observed.
As products of the solution and re-crystallisation of the mineral, salt is
found, in some of the old workings of the same mines, in aggregations
of long capillary crystals,^ and in arborescent forms. The massive rock-
salt is sometimes remarkable for the high degree in which cleavage is de-
veloped. There is in the museum a parallelepiped, illustrating this, measur-
ing 14 X 11 X 7 inches, and bounded entirely by natural cleavage faces.
** Very interesting is the occurrence of the casts of salt ciystals on sandstone
slabs in the upper green sandstone formation (of the Salt range). • • • The
formation of the crystals is explained in the following way. On a flat shore covered
with a layer of freshly deposited mud, after the evaporation of the salt water, the
resulting salt crystals were formed in the mod in nneh a way that half of their sur-
face was exposed and the other half lay buried. Further evaporation caused the mud
to harden. After this had happened, the level of the sea-water again rose, and the
tide flowing over the hardened mud dissolved the crj’stals, bringing sand which was
deposited in a thin layer over the mud. This sand also entered into the spaces left by
the dissolved crystals, forming casts of them. Other layers of mud and sand settled
upon the first ones, and the same process of crystallization may have been repeated
or not. In the hardened state in which we now find the layer,— the mud as marl, the
sand in the form of sandstone slabs, — the casts of the crystals are all found as they
ought to be found, f.e., on the lower side of the sandstone slabs. They appear when
the marl is washed away by the rain. Some crystals are very beautiful and show
that pyramidal * form which is so characteristic of salt produced by evaporation."*
Below are analyses, by Mr. C. Hickie, of the mineral from the
Salt range : —
A.
B.
c.
Sodium chloride
94'60
92*84
92*60
Magnesium chloride
•
•7J
•71
1*34
Calcium chloride .
.
•42
1*16
Calcium sulphate .
. *77
*69
*92
Earthy matter
•
trace
trace
trace
Water and loss
•
3*9:1
5*84
878
100*00
100-00
100-00
^ Beport on the Administration of the Inland Customs D^iartment, 18G9*70, Ap-
penifix H.
» A. B. Wynne : Memoirs, G. S. I., Vol. XIV, p. 80.
» iWd.,p.79.
* Hopper-shaped.
* Dr. H. Warth : Report on the Admiuistrstion of the lulaml Customs Department,
1869-70, Appendix H.
CHLOftOOAimt.
JUatnlogy.]
aP
A. — Purest white ciystalliced edit from the Mayo mines.
B. — ^White salt as it is sold from dep6t at Buggy mine.
C. -— Bed salt as it is sold from depdt at Soojewal mine.^
The analyses were made of the salt as sent into the market^ and con-
taining a considemble amount of water absorbed during storage, owing
mainly to the presence of calcium and magnesium chlorides. Deducting
the water (and loss) the above figures give — >
A.
B.
C.
Sodium chloride • •
,
98*46
98-08
96-44
Magnesium chloride •
.
.
•74
•76
1-89
Calcium chloride . •
.
,
. ...
•44
1*21
Calcium aulphate « •
.
•
•80
•73
•96
Earthy matter
•
•
. trace
trace
trace
100 00
100 00
10000
—which may be taken as near approximations to the composition of the
purest freshly-mined salt.
Sal ammoniac.— An efflorescence of sal ammoniac is said to occur
generally through the volcanic region of the Ghorband valley in
Afghanistan.^ In some deserted gold mines about 10 miles west of
Coopum railway station, in the Salem district, Madras, great num-
bers of rock-pigeons have taken up their abode * * * and eggs innu-
merable and young pigeons are seen in the clefts of the rock. The great
heap of excreta * 'f these birds (not less than 20 feet in height) testifies to
the age of these mines. The whole of the rocks below are coated with
sal ammoniac from the urine of the pigeons.'^ ^
Chlorocalcite* — From crevices between some ejected blocks, near
' Op. dt., and Memoirs, G. S. 1., Vol. XIV, p. 77. The colouring material which gives a
red tint to much of the salt, and which remains as a sediment when the mineral is dissolved
in water, has been subjected to microscopic examination by Dr. H. Girand. He arrived at
the conclusion that it consists altogether of organic remains, partly infusorial, partly vege-
table. In a specimen of the salt analysed the sediment amounted to 1*6 per cent, and was
regarded by him as * silicate of iron.^ (Jour. As. Soc., Bombay, Vol. I, p. 803.) Dr. Fleming
Bays : “ The colour of the red salt is not, as might be supposed, derived from a salt of iron or
manganese, but is probably of an organic nature.” (Jour. As. Soc., Bengal, Vol. XXII, p.
248.) The sediment from a specimen of* red salt, from the Mayo mines, was found by the
present writer to contain a considerable amount of iron soluble in hot HCl, after which
treatment the remaining portion of the sediment was no longer red. According to Bischof .
the ochreous deposits of salt brine, from Colberg and Diirrenberg, contain infusoria. These,
however, are yellow, owing their colour to hydrated oxide of iron. (Chemical Geology.
Vol. I, p. 169.)
* P. B. Lord : Jour. As. Soc., Bengal, Vol. VII, p. 586. The present writer has been
informed, by Mr. C. L. Griesbach, that there are no recent volcanic rocks in the valley.
* Gold : its Occurrence and Extraction, by A. G. Lock, p. 809. Original authority not
given.
For artificial production of sal ammoniac in the Eamal district, Punjab, vide Baden-
Powell’s Economic Products of the Punjab, Vol. I, p. 89.
86
OfiOLOGT OP INDIA-ATACAMITE.
[Ptet IV.
the middle of a solfatara in the crater of Barren island (bay of Bengal)
superheated steam (as noticed by the present writer in 1884) with
sulphureous vapour, issued rather copiously, the column, as it rose
iuto the air, being visible from the landing place, or even some dis-
tance out at sea. The temperature of the steam at the point of issue
was 219^ F., or 9° above the boiling point of water at the elevation
of the crater. * * * The surfaces of the rock near the vents
were covered with a white vesicular stalactitic substance, and with a red
and orange deliquescent matter. The former was found to consist mainly
of a basic sulphate of alumina, with a little calcium chloride, while the
red incrustation consisted of calcium chloride, with basic sulphate of alu-
mina and ferric oxide.^' * It was not perceptibly moist when freshly
taken from the rock, but soon deliquesced afterwards.*
Atacamite. — ^There is a fine specimen of chalcocite in the Museum,
from Garimanipenta, in the Nellore district,* which is intersected by
small irregular seams of atacamite, in dark emerald-green translucent
crystals, together with some malachite.^ Were the mines re-opened,
atacamite might, perhaps, be found in some quantity.
^ Memoirs. Q. S. I., Vol. XXI, p. 269.
^ According to Mr. Alexander (Edinburgh Philosophical Journal. Vol. XI, p. 808), the
water of the Lonar lake, in Berar, contains a considerable quantity of calcium chloride, but
several other analysts are agreed as to its containing none. Malcolnison says that it con-
tains ** no lime.” (Trans. Geol. Soc., 2. V. p. 664.) Dr. Heyne states that the water of
some of the wells in the neighbourhood of Samulkota, in the Godavari district, is bnickish,
ou account of its containing calcium chloride. (Tracts on India, p. 240.)
> Page 19.
« F. R. Mallet : Records, G. S. I., Vol. XII, p. 171.
Kinaalogy.]
FLUORITE.
87
IV.— Fluorides.
Fluorite. — Although this mineral has been reported from a feir
localities, it has not as yet been discovered abundantly in any part of India
(Ft. Ill, p. 44>9). Dr. Heyne notices its occurrence in the Carnatic, but
does not mention the place.^ Green and purple fluorspar, with galena, has
been found in a lode, of which the principal gangstone is quartz, near
the village of Ranitalao, 3 miles west of Chicholi dak bungalow, in the
Baipur district. Central Provinces.* The same mineral has been observed
in the Bh&nrer limestone, near Bewah, but is extremely rare.* At
Wangtu bridge, over the Sutlej, in the North-Western Himalayas, a very
few sea-green crystals are scattered through the granite dykes there.*
Dr. Bomanis has lately discovered pink and green fluorspar, in limestone,
at Kemau, a village in the Amherst district on the Thoung-Yeng river,
65 miles E. 15 S. from Maulmain,* and bluish crystals of the mineral
are said to have been found in the northern part of the same district.'
* Tracts on India, p. 193.
* Records, G. S. I., Vol. I, p. 37, W. T. Blanford. Ibid., Vol. Ill, p. 44 .
« Men lirs, G. S. I., Vol. VII, p. 122.
* Uemoirs, G. S. 1., Vol. V, p, 166.
* Report on Uinerals in Tenasserim, p. 3.
* Natural Productions of Burma, by the Rev. F. Mason, p. 31.
UROLOOT OF INDIA— CUPRITE.
[PutI7-
S8
V. — Oxygen Compounds.
L— Oxides.
1. — Oxides of elements of Series 1.
A.— AnhydrouB Oxides.
(a) Protoxides— General formula RO (or R'gO)*
Cuprite has been found near Veppur, in Trichinopoly, with tetrahe-
drite, fcc., as described under the latter mineral.^ In the Singhbhum mines
" red copper ore occurs in solid masses, from the size of a nut to several
feet in diameter, in a siliceous matrix, sometimes filling the whole lode
and enclosing angular pieces of quartz, sometimes in strings and flakes
ramifying through the rock. This is the most important ore, seldom
indeed pure, almost always mixed with black copper and iron oxide.
As the malachite is due to the further decomposition of this ore, so is
the latter of glance copper; some specimens show the three states.
It is diflScult to find copper entirely free from copper-glance;
apparently pure specimens have given 8 per cent, of sulphur. The mix-
ture with iron oxide varies from 0‘25 to 18 per cent. It is always
mixed, too, with black copper ; and it was interesting to know it the
proportion were constant : analysis showed it to vary from 68’7 per cent.
Pub-oxide and 33*6 of oxide, to 50*14 per cent, of sub-oxide and 46*74
of the oxide. It is only an indefinite mixture. Often the oxide is in
excess, the ore being dark brown, with black metallic streak. The common
variety is brown- red to eochineal-red, with red streak, and, in pure pieces,
a fine crystalline texture. This quality, with hardness of 8, sp. gr.
5*623, gave* —
Bed oxide 63*72
Black oxide 38*60
Silica 1*02
Oxide of iron and alumina *75
Lime
Magnesia *10
99*83
Tile copper ore is mentioned by Mr. Piddington as occurring at
Bairuki, near Deoghar in the Santhal pargannahs, but in his analysis
he represents the copper as present in the state of peroxide.'^ * Ordi-
1 Page 29.
’ M. E. Stoehr : Neues Jahrbuch fiir Mineralogie, &c., 1864, p. 146 ; Becorda, Q. S. 1.,
Vol. Ill, p. 89.
* Jour. Aa. Soe., Bengal, Yol. XX, p. 9.
MiAeialogy.] SAPPHIRK. »»
nary cuprite and tile ore have been found at Birman ghat^ in the
Narsinghpur district^ Central Provinoes^ with ohalcooite, malachite^ and
azurite.^ There are specimens, in the museum, of red copper with mala-
chite, &c., in a quartzose g^ngue, from Sorai, in the Lalitpor district,
North-Western Provinces.* The ore at Gugra, B£jgarh, and Bajanri, near
Ajmere, is said to be " ferruginous red oxide of copper.^^ * Cnprite ooeors,
with native copper, in the Zdnskar river, in Kashmir,^ and with chaloocite
&c., in', the Salt range.* It has been found by Captain Drummond in
the Ohilzie territory, south-east of Cabul, with chaloocite and native
copper at Tezeen, and with tetrahedrite at Dobundee.* Specimens of
red copper with the native metal were also obtained, which were said
to have been brought from the hills of Goorgee Mydan, not far from
Acoorookhail.^ Captain Hutton states that the mineral occurs in the
Hazara mountains.*
Melaconite occurs, with other copper ores, in the old mines at
Garimanipenta, in Nellore ; * and also in those of Singhbhum, where it is
found both mixed with a large proportion of cuprite, as previously
described,^* and also in thin strings and coatings comparatively free from
red oxide. According to M. Stcehr this purer mineral is used by the
native beauties as a black dye for the teeth.^^ A specimen of melaconite
from Upper Burma, in the possession of the Political Agent at Mandalay,
was said to contain 79 per cent, of copper, and the mineral was reported
to occur in large quantity.^
(i) Sesquioxides — general formula BO,.
Corundum. — Sapphire is found, along with many other varieties of
corundum, in the ruby mines of Upper Burma, described more fully
below. According to Mr. Spears, the sapphires are much rarer than the
rubies, although those found are generally of a larger size. Stones of
10 to 15 rattles^* without a flaw are common, whereas a perfect ruby
of that size is hardly ever seen. The largest perfect sapphire I ever
saw weighed 1 tikal.^* It was polished, but I have seen a rough one
weighing 25 tikals.^* ♦ * * 0 yex>y one hundred rubies, I do not
' Pt. Ill, p. 267.
® Vide Tetrahedrite,” p. 29.
^ Joiir. As. Soc., Bengal, Vol. IV, p. 583.
* Page 4.
^ Page 20.
* Page 6.
7 Joar. As. Soc., Bengal, Vol. X, p. 77.
^ Calcutta Jour. Nat. Hist., Vol. VI, p. 599.
* Jour. As Soc., Bengal, Vol. II, p. 94.
» Page 38.
Extract from MSS. Diary of Political Agent, July, 1873.
^ About 6 to 9 carats.
M 79*5 carats.
1,988 carats, or a little over 13 oz. Troy.
QEOLOQY OF INDIA— SAPPHIRE.
[Part I?.
iO
think they get one sapphire.^' ^ Mr* Crawfordi however, says that
the blue sapphire is more common, and cheaper (than the ruby); one
specimen exhibited to us weighed 951 carats, but it was not* perfect.^’ *
Tavernier also states that there are found '' great quantities of rubies and
espinels, or mothers of rubies, yellow topazes, blue and white sapphires,
jacinths, amethysts, and other stones of different colours.^^ ’ According
to Mr. Streeter, large and fine sapphires have been imported from
Burma for a long time past.^
Captain Newbold states that sapphire is occasionally found, with
common corundum, in the Salem district, Madras, and in the valley of the
Cauvery ; ^ and, according to the Central Provinces Gazetteer,* the same
gem occurs in the neighbourhood of Paloncha, in the Upper Goddvari
district, but no authority for the statement is given.
In 188:^ a very remarkable discovery of sapphires was made in the
Zanskar range of the Kashmir Himalayas, and within a short time such
quantities of the gem were thrown on the market as to materially lower
its value. Owing to the secrecy observed by the discoverers, very conflict-
ing accounts were in circulation as to the place where the stones had been
found, and even now there is some doubt on the point, while our know-
ledge of the mode of occurrence of the mineral is meagre in the extreme^
no expert having as yet visited the spot, which is strictly guarded by
the Maharajahs officials. It appears, however, that the locality is in the
Zanskar range, within some miles of the village of Machel (Lat. 33°
25', Long. 76° 21'), and near the line of perpetual snow. According to
one informant it is about half a day^s journey from the top of the
Umasi pass, 2 or 3 ios to the east of Machel ; but according to
another it is best reached from the Pentse pass, which is 30 miles
north of the village.’' The rock in which the sapphires were dis-
covered, which was doubtless a crystalline one, as the whole of the
Zanskar range is composed of such,* appears to have been decomposed
and crumbly at the surface, so that the gems could be" taken out like
potatoes*^^ Further in, the rock was more solid, and they could only be
extracted with the aid of tools. A very large quantity appears to have
been obtained, and the first lots that were brought across the snow are
said to have been sold for a mere trifle, owing to the ignorance of the
carriers as to their value. Subsequently, however, when the fact that the
' Yule’s Misnon to the Court of Ava, p. 248 ; Balfour’s Cyclopssdia, art. Ruby-
* Mission to Ava, Edinburgh New Phil. Jour., 1827, p. 866.
* Travels in India, p. 143. With reference to topaz and amethyst see p. 44.
* Precious Stones and Gems, 4th edit., p. 168.
* Jour. Royal As. Soc., VoL VIII, p. 158.
* Page 606.
y Rev. A. W. Heyde : Records, O. 8. 1., Vol. XV, p. 140; Memoirs, G. S. I., Vol. XXII,
p.885.
* R.Lydekker : Memoirs, G. S. I., Vol. XXII, p. 204.
Mineralogy.] SIPPHIRK. 41
stones were real sapphires wis known^ they rose in price to filOO per
tola in the roughs and considerably more for really promising pieces.
The writer has had the opportunity of examining numerons speci-
mens^ some of which are now in the museum. A large proportion were
crystals; the remainder being irregular pieces^ which may, however^
have been broken after extraction. The mineral is partly bluish-white
and translucent, partly transparent and of a rich blue colour, the two
varieties being irregularly intermixed. It is the latter, of course, which
constitutes the sapphire, the bluish-white part being rather corundum.
A large proportion of the crystals are milky, with variously-sized portions
of sapphire irregularly scattered through them. Others, again, are mainly
sapphire, and are only milky here and there. More rarely the colour,
shades into yellow, brown, or red.
Small crystals of dark brown tourmaline are not uncommonly implant-
ed on the surface, or imbedded in the interior, of those of sapphire, and the
latter sometimes include cavities towards the centre, in which small
crystals of similar tourmaline are often found.^ Besides these, larger
crystals of tourmaline are said to be invariably associated with the sap-
phire, in the matrix.
The sapphire crystals which have come under the writer^s notice are
double hexagonal pyramids, with the basal plane sometimes well developed,
but very often quite small, or almost obliterated. They are frequently
flattened, so that eight of the pyramidal planes are much larger than
the remaining Tour. The pyramidal planes are generally deeply striated
parallel to the edges between them and the basal plane. Many of the
crystals are very irregular, the corresponding angles, measured on differ-
ent pairs of faces, frequently varying by several degrees. The following
may be taken as illustrations of their general characters
Mioerslogical Character.
Crystalloinaphic Character.
14" long X r (one
half of crystal only).
Central part of crystal
sapphire ; apex nearly
colourless.
2P2. OR. Basal planes nearly
obliterated.
8
ai" long X u* X i"
Milky and sapphire por-
tions of crystal irregidar-
ly intermixed.
IP8.0R. Baanl
mull.
planes very
4
If long XlfXl"
Mainly sapphire, bat part-
ly milky. Colours irregu-
larly distributed.
|P2. OR. Basal planes well
dereloped. Crystal flattened.
6
8* long X If X If
Milky, with sapphire ir-
regularly intermixed.
4P2. OR. Basal planes fairly
developed. Crystal flattened.
* F. B. Mallet, Beoorde, Q. 8. 1., Tol. XV, p. 138.
GEOLOGY OF INDIA-RUBY.
[Part IV.
The writer has seen some very g^ood out gems from the Z&nskar range,
and it is believed that very fine ones have been in the market.
At the time the above-mentioned sapphires were discovered, there
were vague stories in circulation of the mineral having been found in
other parts of Kashmir and the adjoining districts,^ but as nothing has
since been heard of these it is unnecessary to mention them here.
Mr. J. Calvert has stated that he found sapphires worth B2,500
each, besides other gems,^^ * in the Upper Raini valley, near the head-
waters of the Beas, below the Hamta pass, in Kulu. The rocks there
are gneiss and mica schist,’ and the locality is about 100 miles to the
south-east of the Umasi pass, noticed above in connection with the
sapphires of the Z4nskar range.
— ^The celebrated ruby mines of Upper Burma,’ which
have always afforded, and still continue to afford, the finest gems of this
description in the world, are scattered over an area of some 25 or 30
square miles. Mogok (or Mogout), which is the ruby mining centre, is
in lat. 22® 55', long. 96® 80', and elevated 4,100 feet above the sea, while
Kapyun (or Kyat-pyen®) and Kathb are 5,000. Surrounding the
above elevated tract are hills of which the culminating peak rises to
7,800 feet.’ It appears, from information obtained by Mr. Bredemeyer
and Dr. Bromanis, that the rubies occur in three ways — in situ (imbedded
in white crystalline limestone(?)) ; loose in the soil on the hill sides ; and
in gem-bearing gravel. The limestone (?)’' is the original home of the
mineral, whence it has been washed down into the gravel bed, in which,
apparently, all the most important mines are situated.
The gems are also found at the marble hills of Sagyin, 16 miles north
of Mandalay. It would seem that gems are obtained direct from the lime-
stone there, but these are said to be too light in colour to be of much value.
» Rev. A. W. Hejde : Records, G. 8. I., Vol. XV, p. 140. See also Precioas Stones and
Gems, by £. W. Streeter, p. 168, where it ia stated that sapphires hare been found in larf^
quantities near the L&clia pass. Is this the B^ra Ldcha pass, at the head of the Chandra-
Bhaga F
* Kulu : its beauties, Ac., p. 44.
’ Col. McMahon : Records, O. S. 1., Vol. Xll, p. 65.
* Within the next few months a systematic examination of the mines will probably be
made by a member of the Geological Survey, wbeo m re detailed and accurate information
will doubtless be collected than* is now available.
‘ Mr. Prinsep has suggested, and doubtless correctly, that the ** Capelan mountains
(originally mentioned by Tavernier, and now given in most works on mineralogy as the loca-
lity where the Burmese rubies are found) are the mountains of the Kyat-pyen district.
(Jour. As. Soc., Bengal, Vol. II, p. 75.)
* The writer is indebted for the above data to Captain J. R. Hobday, of the Survey
of India, who has lately been over the en^re ground. Captain Hobday is of opinion that
the ruby-bearing area is much larger than at present known, and mentions that the gem is
said to exist in the Mainlung and Toungbine distriets, to the south and east of Mogok.
f Later information would appear to render it doubtful whether limestone is the most
usual matrix.
RUBY.
48
Minenlog;.]
According to Mr. Crawford^ the red sapphire^ or oriental ruby, the
oriental sapphire^ the white^ the yellow^ the green^ the opalescent, the
amethyst and girasol sapphires, the spinel ruby, and the common corun-
dum, or adamantine spar,^' are all found. Most of these varieties are
also mentioned by other authors. Spinel occurs in great abundance, and
is called by Tavernier the mother of ruby.^^
The rubies are,^^ as stated by Dr. Oldham, for the most part small,
not averaging more than a quarter of a ratti,^ and, when large, are gene-
rally full of flaws. Well-marked crystals occasionally occur, but the vast
majority of the stones are well rounded and ground down. It is a very
rare case to find a large ruby without flaws ; and Mr. Spears states that
he has never seen a perfect ruby weigliing more than half a rupee.” •
Perfect rubiesof 10 or 16 rattis* are hardly ever seen.” Mr. Crawford
remarks that the oriental ruby, perfect in regard to water, colour, and
freedom from flaws, is scarce and high-priced even at Ava. * * *
His Majesty last year got but one large ruby ; this weighed about 14P
grains ^ avoirdupois, and was considered a remarkable stone.^^ Stories,
however, are not wanting respecting gems of much larger size; but these
must be accepted for what they are worth. Vincent le Blanc, accord-
ing to Tavernier, reported that he saw rubies in the Eing^s palace as big
as eggs, but the latter author hints very broadly that he does not believe
it. Dana says, without citing the original authority, that ^^two splendid
red crystals, having the form of the pyramidal dodecahedron, and * de la
longueur du petit doigV with a diameter of about an inch, are said
to be in the possession of the King of Arracan.” * Mr. Bredemeyer, a
German mineralogist, who spent some time at the mines, and was in a
position to form a trustworthy opinion, thought that, with care, rubies
as large as pigeon^s eggs could be extracted.*
Crystals of Burmese ruby in the museum show the following com-
binations : —
ooP2. OR. B. (fig. 6).
OR. R. ooF2. (fig. 7).
ooPe. OR. R. |P2.
OR. ooP2. |P2. R. (fig. 8).
^ Rather less than half a grain.
* 28'4 carats.
> About 6 to 9 carats.
* 44‘2 carats.
^ System of Mineralogy, p. 140.
* The authors quoted with reference to the Burmese ruby are— Tavernier, Travels in
India (1684), p. 148; Crawford, Edinburgh New Phil. Jour 1887, p. 366; Phre Giuseppe
d’ Amato, Jour. As. Soc., Bengal, Vol. 11 (1888), p. 76 ; Dr. T. Oldham, Appendix to
Yule’s Mission to the Court of Ava (1858), p. 847 ; Captain G. A. Strover (quoting Mr.
Bredemeyer), Indian Economist, Yol. V, p. 14 ; Dr. B. B^anis, some recent notes.
44
GEOLOGT or IRDIAoSUBT.
[Ptetnr.
The above vary in weig^ht from about two thirds to four and a half
carats. A parcel of Burmese rubies, belonging to Mr. Streeter, which
the writer was allowed to examine, some months ago, nonaiaf^ mainly of
irregular pieces, but there were two crystal^ respectively weighing 22 and
29 carats, and having the faces ooP2. OB. B. |P2.
Dr. J. Lawrence Smith gives the analysis quoted of “ruby of
India.’' > Although more probably Burmese, it may have been from
Siam or Ceylon —
Alttains OT SS
Ifagnetic oxide of iron
Silica 1*21
It is not stated in what form the magnetic oxide of iron was present.
Dr. Heifer speaks vaguely of rubies having been found in Tenasserim,
east of the Tenasserim river, but he says most of the specimens he saw
were garnets.*
In a paper on the Corundum of Southern India, Captain Newbold
states that ^^fine rubies have, from time to time, been discovered in many
of the corundum localities just enumerated, associated with this gem,
particularly in the gneiss at Viralimodos and Sholasigamany. The
natives inform me that it occurs also in the Trichingode taluk and at
Mallapollaye, but it is rare, comparatively speaking.^' * These places are
in the Salem district, Madras. Dr. Clark mentions coarse rubies having
been brought to him from Mysore,* and Lieutenant Kittoe that stones
which he collected in the Mahanaddi, near Kattak, as garnets, were pro-
nounced hy a native jeweller to be rubies.® As remarked by Mr. Ball,
however, the former opinion was not improbably correct. According
to the Central Provinces Gazetteer,® " rubies were formerly obtained near
Wairagarh, in the Chanda district, but the mines have long since been
abandoiied.^^
Rubies are said by Mr. J. Calvert to have been found in Kulu, but
• he does not mention the locality.^ It may perhaps be inferred that he
alludes to the Raini valley, referred to above under sapphire. It has
been reported that the sapphires of the Zanskar range are accompanied
* American Jour. Sci., Znd Series, Vol. XI, p. 54 ; and Vol. XLII, p. 89.
3 The Provinoat of Ye, Thvoy, and Mergui, p. 84.
* Jonr. Boy. As. Soc., Vol. VII (1848), p. 224.
* Madfis Jour. Lit. & Sci., Vol. IX, p. 121.
* Jour. As. Soo., Bengal, Vol. VllI, p. 872.
«F8gel85.
7 Kulu : its beauties, Ac., p. 72.
ORIENTAL TOPAZ.
Minenlogy.]
45
by rubies,^ but the latter would fleem to be extremely rare in compari*
son. A correspondent of the Dilhi Gazette described a crystal which
was white and opaque in the centre^ with a streak of sapphire at one side
(end?) and of ruby at the other; and Mr. A. G. Young mentions having
seen a small fragment of true oriental ruby, perfectly clear, and of
a beautiful water/^ brought from the same region.* *
For some years previous to 1879, ruby mines, belonging to the Amir
of Afghanistan, were worked at Jagdalak, 3Z miles east of Kdbul,
and probably mining is carried on there still. They were visited in the
year mentioned by Major G. Stewart, and it appears from information,
and specimens of both matrix and gems, supplied by him, that the rubies
are imbedded in white crystalline micaceous limestone. Two crystals now
in the museum^ show the combination cx>P2. OR. B. (fig. 9). These
respectively weigh rather more th 9 »n 1 and 1| carats, but the writer has
seen one considerably larger. It had the same faces, but with B. more
largely developed.
Mr. Streeter mentions having possessed a ruby of 104 carats, from
the mines of Gandamak.^ These are perhaps the same as those just
mentioned, Gandamak and Jagdalak being only 20 miles apart.
On comparing the crystallographic characters given above for the
sapphires of Kashmir and the rubies of Burma and Jagdalak, it will be
seen that the former are distinguished by the absence of the prismatic
faces, and the predominance of pyramidal ones, the basal planes being
sometimes nearly obliterated. In the crystals of ruby, on the other
hand, the chief planes are prismatic, basal and rhombobedral, the
pyramidal being uncommon. The same difference is noticeable in the
crystals from Ceylon in the museum. But the total number, both Indian
and Cingalese, is too small to generalize from with safety. It appears
to be a well-known fact that sapphire crystals commonly attain much
larger dimensions than those of mby.
Oriental Topaz , — Yellow sapphires are amongst the varieties mention-
ed by Mr. Crawford as occurring iu the Burmese ruby mines. Tavernier
and the Fere d^ Amato say that topazes are found, referring evidently
to the same gem. Tavernier, indeed, notices of the Burmese, that
saphirs they call blue rubies, amethysts they call violet rubies, topazes
yellow rubies, and so of other stones/^
Writing of the sapphires from the Zanskar range, Mr. Heyde has
described a crystal which looked for about an inch like topaz, the colour
* Rev. A. W. Heyde: Records, G. S. I., Vol. XV, p. 141.
* American Jour. Sci., 8rd Series, Vol. XXVI, p. 839.
* Erroneously described as spinel in Proceedings, As. Soo., Bengal, 1880, p. 4. That
spinel may occur in the mines, as well as true ruby, is not unlikely, considering the matrix ,
but the only specimens hitherto examined are of the latter mineral.
^ Precious Stones and Gems, 4th edit., p. 161.
GEOLOGY OF INDU--COBUNDUM.
40
[FMIT.
beings tiiat of a deep-coloured sherry wine^ quite transparent, the two
colours (blue and yellow) running gradually into each other
Oriental Emerald and Oriental Ametkyet are also found in the ruby
mines of Burma. The former is siud to be very rare. Mr. Crawford
further notices giraeol eapphire^ of which he saw two or three very fine
specimens, opalescent and white sapphire, from the same mines. It
would appear that the last-mentioned variety has been observed in crys-
als from the Z&nskar range.^
Corundum . — Besides the gem forms of the mineral, India is particular-
ly rich in corundum, using the word in the more restricted sense of
theteim. There are two distinct varieties : crystallized corundum, which
is abundant in the metamorphic rocks of many parts of Southern India ;
and granular massive corundum, of which an immense deposit exists
in South Rewah. Crystallized corundum has been reported from nu-
merous districts* (Part III, p. 421), but only two writers seem to have
devoted special attention to its mode of occurrence. Count de Boumon
describes the corundum of the Salem district as occurring in crystals
disseminated through a granular matrix composed of a mineral to which
he gave the name indianite,* which has since been identified as a granular
form of anorthite. Associated with the corundum in the same matrix
are found hornblende, felspar, fibrolite, epidote, garnet, magnetite, and
more rarely quartz, mica, talc, and steatite. Of these minerals, horn-
blende, generally of a deep black colour, is the most abundant. The
author, indeed, was of opinion that it is principally when the rock is
hornblendic that it contains corundum.^ Captain Newbold remarks that
'' Bournon considered indianite and fibrolite to be the matrix of corundum
in Southern India. * * * I have always found it, both in Mysore
and Salem, in talc, mica, or hornblende schist, associated with iron ore,
asbestos, and sometimes indianite and fibrolite. It occurs imbedded in
the rock in grains and crystals.^^ * It would appear from this that
Newbold considered that indianite plays a more subordinate part in
’ A. 0. Young : American Jour. Sci., Srd Series, VoU XX VI, p. 339.
* It should be noted that garnet, both massive and in crystals, sometimes passes under
the name of corundum in Southern India ; a fact recognised by Dr. Heyne so far back as
1814 (Tracts on India, p. 198). Sjiecimens of both varieties of garnet, bought at Madras,
were recently sent to the museum here as corundum. On this account there is reusun to
suspect that some of the published accounts respecting the latter mineral may be un-
trustworthy.
According to Mr. A. Q. Young, corundum, both crystallized and massive, occurs with
the sapphires of the Zanskar range, in Kashmir (American Jour. Sci., Srd series,
Vol. XXVI, 1883, p. 339).
^q. V.
^ Phil Tians. Uoyal Soc., 1802, p. 282 ; Observations sur quelqucs-uns des mindraux ,
soit de rile de Ceylan, soit de la C6te de Coromandeh 1823, p. 20.
•Jour. Eoy. As. Soc., Vol. VIII, p. 168,
COBUNDUIf.
47
Mineralogy.]
oonoeotion with coroDdum than was supposed by De Bournon, and as
the former author wrote from personal observation in the field, his
opinion must be regarded as carrying more weight than one formed
only from the examination of specimens sent to Europe.
The corundum at the mines near Oram, in Mysore, is said by Cap-
tain Newbold to ''occur in decomposed beds of a talcose slate, to
which gneiss is subordinate, associated with nodules of indurated talc,
and of a poor quartzy iron ore : asbestos, chlorite, actinolite, and schorl
were found imbedded in the talcose slate/^ Again, " at Namaul and at
Viralimodos, on the north bank of the Cauvery, in the Permutty taluk,
Salem district, corundum occurs imbedded in gneiss, and a grayish
earth, resulting in part from the disintegration of that rock.^^^
According to Count de Bournon, the commonest crystalline com-
bination is the simple hexagonal prism terminated by the basal planes
00 P 2 . OB. (figs. 10, 11). "It is indeed, in certain districts, particularly
in the Carnatic, almost the only form that is met with. In all these
crystals, the prism here spoken of differs considerably in its length ;
sometimes it is very much elongated, at other times it is very short.^^
Hexagonal pyramids, terminated by the basal plane, occur but rarely.
Figures of this combination are given, but no symbols or angular
measurements. Crystals are also drawn of the first-mentioned combina-
tion with the addition of rhombohedral planes. * In an article on the
mineral products of the Madras presidency, in the Indian Journal of
Arts, Sciences, and Manufactures’ it is said that the corundum of
Salem, and the adjoining districts, "occurs under such a variety of
forms, and sometimes in such large fragments, and so perfectly crystal-
lized, that it deserves a separate description. There are four distinct
species of it. One of a pale apple-green, in large flattened slabs about
the size of the fist, or even larger, with imperfect crystallization, but
of beautiful adamantine and sparry fracture, with a fine play of colours,
when held in the sun. The second variety occurs in long, barrel-shaped,
hexagonal crystals, one of which was about five inches in length, of a
purplish-red colour. The third is found in the form of truncated hex«
agonal pyramids of every shade of blue, and bearing considerable resem-
blance to sapphire. The fourth variety is in rolled amorphous masses of
a dirty-green colour and small size.^^
Mr. Chenevix obtained the following results in analyses of Indian
corundum,^ but allowance should perhaps be made for the date at which
^ Ibid., Yol VII. pp. 219.224.
*Phil. I'ranB. Royal Soo., 1802, p. 260.
• Ptart VI, p. 441.
* Phil. Trans. Royal Soc., 1802, p. 8S8. Beadant says that ** all the analyses of this
chemist are erroneous*’ (Traite de Mineralogie, p. 368), but Dana appears to hold a different
opinion (Mineralogy, p. 340).
48
GEOLOGY OF INDIA— CORUNDUM.
tPArtIV.
tJwy were executed. Compariny them with those quoted below, it may
perhaps be inferred that the loss was mainly dim to water—
Caniatio.
Alumina 91‘0
Oxide of iron ..... 1*6
Silica
07*6
Pr* Js Lawrence Smith has published the following analyses of
corundum of India (no special localities given) y commentingy at the
same time, on the presence of water^ not only in the corundum of India^
but of that from other localities also. Its presence in corundum and
absence in sapphire and ruby, he considered to indicate that the first
named was formed under conditions different from those under which the
86*6
4*0
7*0
97*6
Ava.
870
4-6
66
98-0
gems were produced : —
(fl)
(»)
Alumina ....
.
98*12
84*56
Magnetic oxide of iron
.
•
. *91
7‘(i6
Lime . . . . •
•
.
1*02
1*20
Silica ....
,
.
•96
400
Water ....
•
. 2-86
8*10
9887
99*92
The * effective hardness/ taking Ceylon sappuire as 100, was found
to be ' —
Sapphire of India (Ceylon) 100
Euby of India 90
Corundum of India (a) 58
Ditto (6) 56
Between Pipra and Kadopaoi, two villages in the state of Rewah,
near the right bank of the river Behr, and about 14 miles south-west
from the town of Singrauli, in the Mirzapur district, there is an immense
deposit of granular massive corundum. It has been traced for about
half a mile, and, where thickest, has a breadth of many, perhaps SO or
more, yards; the bedding is vertical, or at a high angle, the rocks
bn either side being gneiss, hornblende rock, and quartz schist, &c. The
corundum differs from emery in containing but a small proportion of
iron ; there is not sufficient magnetic oxide to visibly affect a magnetic
needle. It is a reddish, sometimes purple or gray, finely granular rock,
through which microscopically minute crystals of rutile are frequently
disseminated. The same mineral sometimes occurs in larger crystals in
> American Joar. Sci., 2nd Series, Vol. X, p. 362 ; Vol. XI. p. 54 ; Vol. XLIl, p. 80.
HEMATITE.
49
Mineralogy.]
the seams of the roek^ which are^ howei^r^ generally filled with emerald-
green euphyllite and black tourmaline.^
Pieces of a light gray^ or grayish-white^ finely-granular corundum,
containing microscopically minute specks of a translucent, dark-red
mineral (probably rutile), have been found at the village of Nongryniew,
two days’ journey north-west of Nongstoin in the Kh&si hills, but the
mineral has not been discovered in siiu.^
Hematite. — ^There are few countries, perhaps, more bountifully sup-
plied with this mineral than India. It is found in rocks of various ages,
and in innumerable parts of the country. In most instances the mineral
occurs in beds, although lodes are not wanting either. Some deposits,
like those of the Chanda and Jabalpur districts, in the Central Provinces,
where entire hills of the mineral are found, and those of Nimar, Bijawar,
and Gwalior, in Central India, are of extreme richness, while a long list
might be given of places where the ore occurs in abundance. Notices of
these may be found in Mr. Ball’s chapter on Iron (Pt. Ill, p. 335).
The iron ore of Bajgarh, in the state of Ulwur, Bajputana, has been
examined lately by Mr. T. F. Andresen, M.E. It occurs in a series of
rolling hills near the town, and Mr. Andresen has ascertained that this
large deposit of iron ore extends in a regular belt for a distance of over
1-^ miles in length, and has an average width of 500 feet; that it
has been followed a depth of over 120 feet; that it consists chiefly of
rich red and brown hematites, specular iron ; and that it is notably devoid
of the presence of foreign minerals.”*
The iron ores of the Jabalpur district were examined by the writer
in 1883. The hematite deposits are all bedded, and occur neai the base of
the Lora group of the transition series. Schistose hematite and mica-
ceous iron, semi-ochreouB hematite, manganiferous hematite, and hematite
interbanded with jasper, are all abundant. At Agaria an entire hill is
composed of the first-named ores, and smaller ones occur near Sarroli. In
the Jauli mine there is a rich deposit of more or less ochreous mineral, while
in the Lora range, and at Gosalpur, there is a strong band of schistose
manganiferous hematite. Analyses of all the above ores have beei\ made,
but as these are interesting from a metallurgical rather than a minera-
logical point of view, it is scarcely necessary to quote them here. The
proportion of ferric oxide ranges up to 97’54 per cent.^
A descriptive list of the numerous known hematite deposits of the
lower Narbada valley is given by Mr. P. N. Bose, in a recent
* F. R. Mallet : Records, G. S. I., VoL V, p. 20 ; Vol. VI, p. 48.
* Ibid., Vol. XII, p. 172.
* Mining Journal, 80th August 1884, p. 1029.
* Records, G. S. I., Vol. XVI, p. 96. For further analyses of the Jabalpur ores, as well
as of those from Chan^, see Journal, Iron and Steel Institute, 1886 (abstracted in * lion/
26th November 1886).
50 GEOLOGY OF INDIA— ILMENITE. [Part 17.
memoir on that region.* It a]^>ears from this that the mineral occurs
in the metamorphic, transition^ and Oondwina rocks, in superficial
deposits, and also in true veins, some of these veins ooourring along
fault' lines.
The occurrence of hematite, in some quantity, as the cementing
material of a breccia, near the Singareni coal-field, in Hyderabad, has
been noticed by Mr. R. B. Foote.*
More recently the same author has described the occurrence of
** splendid hematite ore,^^ in unlimited quantity, in the Sandur hills,
Bellary district, where it occurs interbanded with schist and trap.*
Martite . — The occurrence of bedded iron ore in the eocene strata
north-west of Kotri, in Sind, has been described by Mr. W. Blanford.*
Masses of magnetite, and bands of hematite and limoni^, more or less
pare, occur, in considerable quantity, in many places. From the hills
east of Lainyan, in that neighbourhood, Mr. Fedden has brought crystals,
some octahedral, others a combination of the dodecahedron and octahedron,
the latter up to two inches in diameter. They have a red streak, and act
on the magnetic needle comparatively faintly, the iron having been
nearly all peroxidized.
Ilmenite. — In his ^ summary of the geology of Southern India,^
Captain Newbold remarks that iron ore slightly titaniferous is found
over the whole hypogene area. Menaccanite I found among the iron sand
and gold dust in the bed of the Doni rivulet among the Kupputgode
hills (Southern Mahratta country), and in some of the rivulets of the Ceded
Districts * (Berars); and again, " titaniferous iron sand is found in the
beds of brooks and rivers running over the trap.^^ Dr. Walker says
that titaniferous iron sand is found abundantly in the stream beds of
the WaruDgul circar, in Hyderabad.* A similar statement is made
by Lieutenant Aytoun with reference to the streams in the Bagulkot
taluk of the Belgaum district, where the black soil also contains the
mineral in large proportion.^^ According to the Central Provinces
Gazetteer,® titaniferous iron ore is found in the sands of most of the
streams in the Upper Godavari district. Ilmenite is mentioned by
Mr. Ball amongst the minerals found in the metamorphic rocks of
> Memoirs, G. S. I., Vol. XXI, p. 64.
2 Records, G. S. I., Vol. XVIII, p. 24. An analysis, by Messrs. Gilchrist and Biley»
showed iron 66*85, siliceous matter 2*35, moisture 0'40, and traces of manganese, sulphur,
phosphorus, and phosphoric acid. (Joum. Iron and Steel Institute, 1880; ‘Iron,* 26th
November 1886.)
> Records, G. S. 1., Vol. XIX, pp. 104, 105, 106, 111.
* Memoirs, G. S. 1., Vol. XVll, p. 188.
* Jour. Roy. As. Soc., Vol. VIII, p. 155; IX, p. 40.
* Madras Jour. Lit. and Sci., Vol. XV, p. 223.
’ Trans. Bom. Qeog. Soc., Vol. XI, p. 33.
( 505.
SPINEL.
51
Mineralogy.]
Manbhum. Large masses are sometimes to be seen weathered out from
the quartz veins, and lying strewn over tbe surfacoj in the south-eastern
portion of the district.^
Iserine , — ^The iron sand which was smelted formerly at Yeragutty,
near Satghur, in Arcot, *‘is powerfully attracted by the magnet^ like
iron filings, except a few particles which occur in small blunt grains,
and which are probably iserine ** according to Dr. Heyne ; but he gives
no reason for this supposition.
[c) Compounds of Protoxides and Sesquioxides — General formula
RftO^ = RO. ROg.
Spinel. — This mineral occurs, apparently in great abundance, in the
ruby mines of Upper Burma : the bulk of the ^ gem sand ^ brought
from the neighbourhood of Ava is composed of it, and by Tavernier it is
called the 'mother of ruby.' It seems most probable that crystal-
line (dolomitic?) limestone is the ordinary matrix, and‘ that the spinels
are found in the three ways already noticed under ruby. Dr. Mason
says that " they are seen of all shades ; blood-red, the proper spinelle
ruby ; rose-red, the balas ruby ; orange-red, or rubicelle ; and violet-coloured
or almandine ruby." He also mentions the dark blue, or blackish
varieties of spinelle, called ceylanite or pleonaste," and continues that
spinel seems to constitute more than three fourths of the whole mass
of gem sand. "A single handful will contain specimens of every
shade, — black, blue, violet, scarlet, rose, orange, amber-yellow, wine-
yellow, brown, and white. Many retain their original crystalline
forms; some have the fundamental fq^m of the species, a perfect
octahedron ; but many others have some of the secondary forms, among
which it is not uncommon to see twin crystals with three re-entering
angles."*
Specimens of gem sand in the museum (some of which is fine gravel
rather than sand) are mainly composed of red and dark-blue spinel.
The crystals are octahedrons (fig. 12), very frequently distorted, and often
hemitrope (fig. 14). Many have the edges replaced by the faces of the
rhombic dodecahedron (fig. 13). One exceptionally large crystal, an inch
across, is a double twin — a hemitrope octahedron twinned with a non-
hemitrope distorted octahedron (fig. 15). In the British museum there are
two specimens, labelled ^ Ava one is partially polished and measures
about If inches x 1^ x 1, the other is about If inches in diameter. In
the Calcutta collection there are specimens of white crystalli.ne micaceous
’ Memoirs, Q. S. 1., Vol. XVIII, p. 108; Manual, Pt. Ill, p. 323.
Natural Froductious of Burma, p. 27.
ii GEOLOGY OF INDIA-MIONETITE. [Part IV.
dolomitic limestone^ containing ehondrodite and small octahedral crystals
of dark-blue spinel, from Mandalay hill, collected by Dr. T. Oldham.^
Spinel has been detected by the same geologist in stanniferous and
gold-bearing sand obtained by Mr. O^Riley in the Henzai basin, Tavoy
district’
There are specimens of white crystalline limestone in the museum,
containing ehondrodite, mica, and small octahedral crystals of greenish-
blue spinel, which were found by M. Schlagintweit near Ambasa-
moodrum, Tinevelly district, Madras (Lat. 8° 40', Long. 77® 30').
According to Captain Newbold, spinel and sapphire are occasionally
found with common corundum in the Salem district, and in the valley
of the Cauvery.^^ *
The statement that spinel has been obtained at Jagdalak, in Afghanis-
tan,^ was founded on an erroneous determination of specimens from the
locality, which were really rubies.’
Picotile has been detected, microscopically, by Colonel McMahon,
in a Iherzolite from the Puga valley, in Ladakh.’
Magnetite occurs in innumerable parts of India, and is abundant
in many places. It is found more particularly in the metamorphic
rocks, and in the transition series, especially in the former ; in both the
mineral forms distinct beds. It is also widely diffused as a common
constituent of the Deccan trap, whence (as well as from the older rocks)
it is washed out, and forms accumulations of magnetic iron sand. The
immense deposits of magnetite in the Salem district are especially note-
worthy (Pt. Ill, p. 335).
A very large bed of magnetite has been recently found, by Mr.
Foote, in the neighbourhood of the Singareni coal-field, in Hyderabad,
and traced for some 3 miles. * Bands of hornblendic magnetite schists
were also observed in the same neighbourhood.^
Crystals, remarkable for their size or otherwise, have not been no-
ticed very frequently. Captain Newbold, however, says that mag-
netic iron ore, with polarity, is found at Pakanandoo, in the Salem district,
in beautiful octahedral crystals.^^ ’ Such crystals, now in the museum,
’ Pt. II, p. 708.
^ Select. Rec. Gro\i;. Bengal, No. VI, p, 38.
• Jour. Roy. Af. Soc., Vol. VIII, p. 158.
• Proc. As. Soc., Bengal, 1880, p. 4.
• Page 45.
• Records, G. S. L, Vol. XIX, p. 116.
7 Records, G. S. I., Vol. XVIII, pp. 17, 19. For analyses of magnetite from Landu,
in Chaibassa, see Zeitschrift fiir die gesammten Naturwissenschaften, Halle, Vol. XX,
p. 198 ; and Dana’s System of Mineralogy, p. 161. An analysis of the Chanda ore, by
Messrs. Gilchrist and Riley, may be foundpn Jour. Iron and Steel Institute, 1886, and * Iroii,»
26th November 1886. Sm also paper by C. R. von Schwartz, referred to under braunite.
• Jour. Roy. As. Soc., Vol. VIII, p. 155.
Minmlogy.] cllRTSOBBRTL. 53
range from about one half to nearly one inch in lengths of axes. The
altered crystals^ from Lower Sind^ have already been noticed under the
head of martite.^
Chromite is knowo to occur, probably in large quantity, in the
Hanle valley, in the district of Rupshu, K&shmir, and has been worked
in the Salem district, Madras. The mineral has been reported, al-
though no definite information is available concerning it, from some
other parts of Southern India (Pt. Ill, p. 332). Dr. Balfour states,
on the authority of Dr. Clarke, that a good deal of chromite was dis-
covered, by Captain Haldane, in the compound attached to the Residency
at Yelwal, in the Ashtagram division of Mysore.*
A specimen found in Southern Afghanistan, between the Surkab
valley and Esab Kuch, was presented to the museum, in 1879, by Sur-
geon-Major C. F. Oldham.
Some large loose blocks of chromite were discovered by Mr. M. V.
Portman, in 1883, at the village of Chakargaon, close to Port Blair,
in the Andaman islands : careful search for a deposit in silu was made
by the writer, but without success. Chromite sand, in the form of
minute, well-formed, octahedral crystals, is washed down by some of
the streams on Rutland island (south of Port Blair). At one place,
where the crystals had been beaten back by the waves, they formed
layers more than an inch thick in common sand. The chromite is
evidently disseminated through the serpentine, which is abundant on
Rutland island.*
Chrysoberyl. — There are specimens in the museum of vein granite,
from near the village of Rimidi, in the district of Kattak, Orissa, con-
taining small crystals of yellowish chrysoberyl, together with moroxite
and schorl.^
According to Dr. Irvine, prismatic corundum, or chrysoberyl, is
found among the Tora hills near Rajmahal on the Banas, in irregular rolled
pieces, small, and generally of a light-green colour : these stones are con-
sidered by the natives as emeralds, and pass under the name of ^punna;^
but the natives are aware that they are still softer than the real emerald
of India (which is generally green-coloured sapphire). The hills in
question, forming a range some 12 miles long of Arvali and Delhi
(transition) rocks, are marked * Toda ^ on the Indian Atlas (sheet 34) .
Rdjmahal (Lat. 25^ 54", Long. 75° 32'), at the southern end of the
range, is a town in Jaipur, Rajputana.
’ Page 60.
* The Iron Ores, &e., of the Madras PreBideney, p. 181.
> Records, O. S. I., Vol. XVI, p. 204 ; Vol. XVII, pp. 88, 84.
* W. T. Blanford: Memoirs, Q. S. I., VoL I, p. 87.
* Topography of Ajmere, p. 160.
54
GEOLOGY OF INDIA— CASSITERITE.
[Part IV.
It should be mentioned, however, that the Toda hills have been
recently examined by Mr. Tellery, who found beryl there (q, v.)^
but who does not mention chrysoberyl. The correctness of Dr* Irvine^s
statemeut, therefore, seems open to considerable doubt. Were it not that
lie uses the term ' prismatic corundum,^ an old name for chr^ioherj/lj one
might perhaps assume, without further inquiry, that the mineral described
under the latter name is really beryl.
Chrysoberyl has been vaguely stated to occur in Burma, but there
appears to be no trustworthy information about it.
With reference to cat^s^e^fe see p. 69.
(d) Deutoxides-— General formula
Cassiterite. — The greatest mineral wealth of the southern portion
of the Tenasserim provinces consists in the extensive and valuable deposits
of tin ore which they contain. In the granite of the central dividing
range, which separates these provinces from Siam, and more especially
(so far as my opportunities for examination extended) towards the outer
edge of this granite, or near its junction with the highly metamorphosed
slates with which it comes into contact, tinstone is an essential ingredient
in the mass of the rock, occurring disseminated through the granite in
small crystals, similarly arranged to the quartz and felspar of the rock;
and in some cases, as at Kahan hill, near Mergui, veins of granite cut
through and traverse the more recent (sic ; older ?) rocks, and contain
large and abundant crystals of tinstone.^^ ^
The mineral has been found further north in the Toung-ngu district,
and, it is said, in the Sh£n country south-east of Mandalay. To the
south it occurs plentifully in various parts of the Malay peninsula ; in
all cases, apparently, under similar circumstances, i.e, as a constituent of,
or intimately associated with, granite.* Further south, again, it has been
1 T. Oldham : Select. Records, GovemmeDt of India, No. X, p. 66.
^ In deFcribing the tin-workings at the village of To-lo-lu, 42 miles east of Toung-
ngu, Mr. O’Riley says : I found that both sides of the water-course consisted of a blue
indurated slate, in which lines of quartz of varying dimensions penetrated* and at the
junction of the planes of the two rocks the ore (peroxide) formed irregular lodes, the quartz
l)eing more or less impregnated with the metal. Specimens of the quartz show long crystals
of schorl accompanying those of tin.” (Jour. Roy. Oeog. Soc., XXXIl, 207.) In this
connection it may be mentioned that the granitic veins of the Hazdribdgh district, in
Bengal, which penetrate schistose rocks, and in which traces of tin have been found, vary
greatly as to the relative proportions of the constituent minerals ; generally all four
(quartz, felspar, mica, and schorl) are present, but in some places the rock consists chiefly
of felspar and mica with litcle quartz ; in others it is made up entirely of quartz and mica,
and the latter again diminishes in amount until the rock passes into micaceous or into pure
vein quartz.” (Records, G. s. 1., Vol. VII, p. 40.) It may be surmised that the quartz
veins described by Mr. O’Riley are equnllj intimately connected with those of stanniferous
granite whicl^ (at Kahan hill, and doubtless many other places) traverse the other rocks.
BRAITNITE.
55
Minefnilogy.]
largely worked in the islands of Banca and Billiton^ the stanniferous
rocks thus stretching more or less continuously^ throughout a total length
of some 1^800 miles.
Through the degradation of the granite and transport of the dSbrii
to the low grounds at the foot of the axial range of Tenasserim and the
Malay peninsula^ widely extended and rich deposits of stream tin have
been formed.
Tinstone has been reported from some parts of peninsular Indiai
but nowhere has it as yet been found in any quantity (Ft. Ill,
p. 313).
Butile. — Mr. G. Young has observed some very minute crystals
which he believed to be rutile^ in vein quartz traversing mica schist^ in
the valley of the Gurnai, a tributary of the Beas^ in Kulu.
The hill on the west side of the road to Malakheri^ a little south of
ITlwur^ in Bajputana, is composed of quartzite^ with some felspathic
sandstone. These rocks are intersected by numbers of quartz veins a few
inches broad^ which, in places, contain white felspar and rutile. The two
minerals occur sometimes, but not always, together.^ Rutile has been
observed on the faces of scams dividing the massive corundum of Fipra
in South Bewah, and also in microscropic crystals through the latter
mineral itself.* Minute crystals, which are probably rutile, occur in a
similar way through specimens of corundum, now in the museum, from
Nongryniew, in the Khasi hills.*
Acicular crystals of rutile have been observed in amethyst from Tan-
jore or Coimbatore.*
Braunite occurs in large quantity near Vizianagram and Bimli-
patam. One of the localities is within a few miles to the southward of
Cheepooroopully, a large village a]}out 20 miles due north of Yiziana-
gram.^^* The ore is said to occur ^^in huge veins from 8 to 5 feet in
thickness amongst primitive granites (gneiss ?). The Vizianagram ore
presents a highly metallic lustre of a bluish-black colour, interspersed
here and there with dull grayish spots, which latter possess the external
character of psilomelane. It breaks with difficulty, and when split with
a chisel presents an imperfect rhombohedral cleavage. Its specific
gravity is 4 50.^^’' The mineral from Bimlipatam is ^Wery similar, if
not identical to, the foregoing in external characters and chemical
characters.^^
>C. A. Hacket: Records, G. S. I., VoU X, p. 91 ; Vol. XIII, p. 249.
a F. R. Mallet: Kecords, G. S. 1., Vol. V, p. 22, Vol. VI, p. 44.
8 Records, G. S. I., Vol. XII, p. 172.
♦Page 66.
8 E. Balfour : Report on Iron Ores, Ac., of Madras Presidency, pp, 238. 240.
8 Reports by the Juries, Madras Exhibition, 1855.
7 A. J. Scott, Edin : New Phil. Jour., Vol. LIU (1862), p. 277.
58
GBOLOOT OF INDIA— BBAUNITE.
[FkrtIV;
On analysis Dr. Scott obtained—
MHiigAnete, red oxide
ViBianagram.
73786
Bimlipatam.
76177
Oxyg:en
•
1*864
*665
Iron, peroxide
.
12*910
11*720
Lime . . e
,
,
1244
Magnesia
•
. 2*839
•668
Silica
.
8*800
9-090
Water
•
•
•689
•432
99*788
99*986
Dr. Scott remarks that the Vizianagram ore agrees most nearly in its
composition to that of Damour’s marceline, an impure braunite from St.
Marcel, in Piedmont. That from Bimlipatam is very similar.
Samples of the same kind of ore are said to have been forwarded from
the Kurnool district in Madras, and from Tumkoor in Mysore.*
Braunite occurs in large quantity on the 80 uth>east side of Mun-
sur great trigonometrical station, a hill S miles west of the town
of B&mtek, which is about 20 miles north-east of Nagpur. The
outcrop is visible for a quarter of a mile, with a thickness of about
1 0 feet.
The mineral is finely-granular massive, and contains cavities partially
filled with rhodonite. An analysis by C. R. von Schwartz
* gave —
Manganese
54*6
Iron
a . .
65
Oxjgen combined with Mo and Fe
.
26*6
Calciom carbonate
• • •
1*2
Silica and silicates
60
Water
5*2
•
And one by the writer * —
100*0
Manganese tesquioxide .....
78-64
79*39
Iron sesquioxide ......
9*78
987
Lime ........
1-20
1*21
Magnesia
trace
trace
Oxygen in excess of that required for Mns.03 .
1-66
1*67
Silica ........
. 6-00
6*06
Phosphoric acid ......
0*21
0*21
Combined water
2*61
2*63
Hygroscopic water
• 0-60
Disseminated rhodonite ....
0-85
-
101*04
101*04
^inFr-rrr
bbbss
> Jury BeporU, Madras Exhibition, 1857, p. 2.
s Oesterreichiache ZatMshrift far Barg-und Hatteaweaen, Vol. XXXIII ; Jour. Iron
apd Steel Inititnte, No. 1, 1886, p. 228.
' > Records, 0. S. I., Vol. XII, p. 78.
PTR0LU8ITB,
67
Mineralogy.]
A deposit of the same class of manganese ore was found, by Dr. W.
Blanford, at the village of Kodaigowan (near Khappa), 20 miles due
west ^om Munsur hill.^
In 1883 Colonel Bloomfield sent specimens to the museum which
proved to be finely-granular braunite, mixed with psilomelane. A
sample taken for assay yielded 18*08 per cent, of available oxygen. The
ore was found, apparently in large quantity, on a spur of the hills
about ii miles north-east of Burha, the chief town of the Balagh6t
district, in the Central Provinces.* Colonel Bloomfield had previously
found manganese ore in the water-courses near Ambagarh, in the Bhan-
d£ra district.
It may be noticed that Kodaigowan, R&mtek, Ambagarh, and Burha
are nearly in a line, the first and last being about 90 miles apart, and
that all the localities are on metamorphic rocks.
Rather more than 60 miles to the west-south-west of Kodaigowan,
again, manganese ore of the same outward appearance, and probably
braunite, was found some years ago at the village of Peepulcottah, 6
miles south-west of Morsi, in the Amraoti district. It was supposed,
however, that the quantity obtained, some 8001b, had been buried at
the spot artificially.*
Mr. Marcadieu records the discovery, 4 miles north-west of the lines
of Dhurmsala, in the Punjab, near an irrigation canal, of a mineral
which approaches by its composition and crystalline form to marcel-
line.^^ The crystals were octahedral with a square base, and were found
in ferruginous and manganiferous siliceous limestone.*
Minium.— At Barhamasia, and one or two other spots in Northern
Hazaribagh, loose pieces of a dark-red carbonate of lead have been found,*
and a similar carbonate, but of a brighter colour, and enclosing some
metallic lead, has been obtained near Maulmain, in Burma.* As the
substance, in both cases, contains a mere trace of iron, there can be little
doubt that the colour is due to an intimate admixture with minium. Mr.
Tween obtained 86*52 per cent, of lead from the Barhamasia ore, which
indicates : —
Minium 68*6
Cerussite 81*6
100*0
Fyrolusite.— ^^Oood but small samples'^ of peroxide of manganese **
» Ibid.
* Col. Bloomfield, letter dated 8rd September, 1888.
* C. Hordern : letter dated 8th October 1877.
* Selections, Punjab Administration, Yol. II, No. Vll, p. 4.
^ F. R. Mallet : Becords, Vol. YH, p. 86.
® Ibid., Yol. XYI, p. 208, -w* « native lead," p. 6.
58
GEOLOGY OF INDIA— PYROLUSITE.
[Partly.
from Soondoor in Bellary^ Roodrar in the Coilooontlah talukj Kadapah
and from Bimlipatam^ are stated to have been sent to the Madras Exhi-
bition of 1857. A sample from the last-mentioned locality^ hojrever,
ezamioQd by Dr. Scotty contained 30 per cent, only of peroxide.^
Pyrolusite is said to occur in great abundance in the elevated tract
between Pagalkot and Kaladgi^ in the Bombay Presidency.*
At Oosalpur, in the Jabalpur district^ pyrolusite occurs in the rock
laterite, in the form of irregular spongy nodules varying in size from a
fraction of an inch to several inches in diameter^ and averaging perhaps
half an inch to one or two inches. These seem to constitute an irregular
layer^ which is two feet thick where best seen. Above the manganese
stratum is ordinary ferruginous laterite, while below it the laterite con-
tains occasional nodules of pyrolusite.®
The latter mineral is of interest from its mode of occurrence as a
manganese laterite. Large deposits of highly manganiferous hematite
exist in the transition rocks near Gosalpur, and elsewhere in the dis-
trict^ and^ in the writer^s opinion^ the manganese laterite has been
formed in a manner analogous to that in which he believes the ordinary
ferruginous rock may have been produced ; that is to say, through the
influence of decaying vegetation, of the carbonic acid given off in the
process, and of the atmosphere, the higher oxide in the older rocks has
been reduced, dissolved, and carried off in solution as carbonate, and
re-deposited as the higher oxide, again, in the newer rocks.*
The ore, which is believed to octor in considerable quantity, is dark
steel-gray, finely crystalline, pyrolusite, mixed with a varying proportion
of psilomelane. Some lumps are almost free from the latter mineral ;
others contain a considerable amount; but, on the whole, the psilomelane
is very subordinate to the pyrolusite. The exterior of the lumps and
the surfaces of most of the internal cavities are more or less coated by
oxide of iron.
A carefully-selected average sample of the ore yielded on analysis -
{ MfinganeBe 64*66
Oxygen 31*16
Iron sesquioxide (with trace of alomina) 4*53
Baryta 8*65
Phosphoric acid *28
Insoluble in hydrochloric acid 2*74
Combined water 2*41
* Hygroscopic water *28
99*61
1 Jnry Reports, p. 2.
* A. Aytoun : Trans. Bom. Geog. Soc., Vol. XI, p. 57.
> H. B. Medlicott ; Records, Vol. XII, p. 99. F. E. Mallet : ibid,, Vol. XVl, p. 116.
^ Vidt ** Limonite/* p. 60.
Hineralogy.] LIHONITE. 59
#
Another analysis^ by Messrs. Gilchrist and Biley^^ showed
Iron • . . 1*87
Manganese S8*22
Siliceous matter 1*98
Sulphur trace
Pliosphoric acid 0*43
Moisture 0*56
Mr. Baden-Fowell mentions peroxide of manganese from Jummn,
in Kashmir^^ and Mr. Calvert includes pyrolusite in his list of Kulu
minerals.*
Black oxide of manganese has been reported from several locali-
ties^ but, as it is doubtful whether the mineral was pyrolusite, it«is need-
less to mention them here. The mineralogical accuracy of some of the
notices given above is, perhaps, not altogether beyond doubt.
B.— Hydrous Oxides.
Turgite. — Specimens of this mineral, in association with limonitej
have been obtained by Dr. King from the neighbourhood of Juggiapett
in the Kistna district.^ It is partly granular massive, partly fibrous and
sub-columnar, with a dark red to iion-black colour, and red streak. The
fibrous kind yielded : —
Ferric oxide 93*10
Water 4*65
Insoluble 209
99*84
The mineral decrepitates with violence when heated in a closed tube
or crucible. It is not known whether it occurs in large quantity or not.
Manganite. — The only Indian specimen of this mineral, that the writer
is acquainted with, is one received some years ago from the Political
Agent at Gwalior, and presumably obtained from that neighbourhood.
Limonite is, like the anhydrous oxides of iron, extremely abundant
in India. It sometimes occurs in the form of beds in the older I'ocks,
many of which are perhaps due to superficial alteration of hematite or
magnetite. It is also found in connection with faults. The ironstone
shale group of the Oondwana series afEords large quantities of the mineral
in an impure state, owing to the alteration of clay-ironstone near the
surface. But by far the most extensive deposits are to be found in the
laterite, which, especially in connection with the Deccan trap, covers such
large areas. As a general rule, the rock contains some 25 to 60 per cent.
^ Jour. Iron and Steel Institute, 1886 ; * Iron/ 26ih November 1886, p. 476.
® Punjab Products, Vol. 1, p. 25.
* Kulu : its beauties, &c., p. 72.
* Kecords, G. S. L, Vol. XIV, p. 304.
80
GEOLOGY OF INDlA--BEArXITE.
[Part IV.
of hydrous peroxide only; but near tbe base of the deposit^ in some
districts^ there are beds of pisolitic limonite containing but little im-
purity* (Pt. I, p. 848 ; Pt. Ill, p. 88B.)
In the north-eastern part of Jabalpur, for instance, such beds occur,
some of which are two or three feet thick and of wide lateral extension.
Several analyses have been made, of which the following may be quoted
as giving the composition of the purest ore : -
Ferric oxide
. 81*20
8218
Loss on ignition
. 1S*42
18*89
Phosphoric acid .....
1*41
076
Sulphuric acid
trace
trace
Sulphur
. trace
traces
Ignited insoluble residue ....
. 1*29
1*67
Alumina, lime, and undetermined
. 2*68
1*60
100*00
100*00
■■■
MaBBB
The difficult question of the origin of laterite has been discussed
in detail by Mr. Blanford in the first part of the present work.* Since
that part was written it has been suggested by the present writer * that
of the three forms of laterite which appear to be generally recognised
Laterite due to deposition and excluding the third form,
2nd — Laterite due to the alteration of other rocks in sHuj
3rd — Detrital laterite due to the denudation and re-deposition of
the first or second form,
the first may be a chemical deposit, analogous to bog-iron ore, and due
to the leaching out of iron from ferruginous rocks like the Deccan trap,
and its subsequent re-deposition in a more concentrated form. Through
the agency of decaying vegetation, and the carbonic acid produced by its
decomposition, the iron may have been reduced to the state of carbonate,
and carried off in solution, to be subsequently again peroxidized by
atmospheric action, and re-deposited. As this, however, is a geological
rather than a mineralogical question, its full discussion here would
perhaps be rather out of place.
Beauxite.-^ Specimens of a mineral which occurs in veins under-
neath the (eocene) coal strata’^ at Chitteedand, in the Salt range, and
which, from the result of a qualitative analysis, he believes to be beauxite,
\
) Jlecordf, G. 8. I., Vol. XVI, pp. lOS, 109. For recent analjees of theee ores, and of
those Bar&kar, in tbe Hiniganj coal-field, by C. R. von ScWartz, see papers quoted
under brau^^* P* Others, by Messrs. Gilchrist and Riley, may be found in Jour. Iron
and Steel Ins)^^°^* (abstracted in ' Iron,' 26th Nov. 1886).
Mineralogy.] PSlLOMfiLANE. 61
liave been presented to the museum by Dr. H. Warth.^ The mineral is
pure white, has a minutely crystalline structure, and, judging from the
specimens sent, would appear to occur in seams from a quarter to half
an inch thick.
Fsilomelane is of not infrequent occurrence, more usually in associa-
tion with^ and subordinate to, braunite or pyrolusite. It has been noticed
in the following localities.
About 6 miles to the northward of Yizianagram, on the road to Pal-
konda. Although the mineral has not been traced in sitvy it has been found
loose in such quantity as to have been used for road metal. Two samples
on assay gave 67*7 and 53 5 per cent, of available peroxide.*
In association with the braunite of Yizianagram.*
In great abundance in the elevated tract between Bagalkot and
Kaladgi, in the Bombay presidency, where it is said to occur with
pyrolusite.^
Around Malagarh hill, in the Wun district, Berar, where a very
impure form of the mineral occurs in botryoidal masses in the red clays
of the Kamthi series.*
In association with the braunite of Balaghit.*
At Gosalpur, in the Jabalpur district, where it is found in mangani-
feroQs micaceous hematite, occurring as linings to small cavities in the
rock, and in irregular segregations and masses, some of which contain
some cubic feet of mineral. The ore appears to be most abundant where
the hematite has been crushed and re-cemented, psilomelane being the
cementing material. A sample yielded 83*20 per cent, of available
peroxide. The mineral has been found under similar circumstances at
Kuthola, 6 miles north-north-east of Gosalpur.^
Also occurs at Gosalpur in association with pyrolusite.*
Near Basi (west of Tiki), in the South Rewah coal-field, where it has
been found by Mr. T. H. Hughes in nodules through red (Jabalpur?) clay.
There are specimens in the museum of stalactitic psilomelane, wi^
limonite, from Ajmere, and others, of psilomelane on the same ore of
iron, collected by Mr. C, A. Hacket at Gangar north of Neemuch.
Dr. J. Anderson has contributed specimens of impure manganese
oxide, chiefly psilomelane, from Gna islet, Padau bay, King island,
Mergui archipelago, an I there are also in the museum specimens of
> Records, G. S. I., Vol. XIX, p. 166.
^ W. King : Records, G. S. I., Vol. XIX, p. 155.
* Page 65.
* A. Aytoun : Trans. Bomb. Geog. Soc., Vol. XI, p. 57.
‘ T. W. H. Hughes: Records, G. S. I., Vol. VII, p. 126.
•Page 67.
7 F. R, Mallet : Records, G. S. I., Vol. XVI, p. 102.
S PorM> Rfi
#2 GEOLOGY OP INDIA-ROCK CRYSTAL. [Part IV.
peilomelaDe, with limonite, from Mergui, and of ferruginous oxide of
manganese^ including some psilomel^ae^ from Tavoy.
Wad has been noticed in connection with the psilomelane on the
Palkonda road^ near Vizianagram^^ and in thin films coating the rocks in
the neighbourhood of Yetagon, a few miles above Yembaing, a large
village on the Salween^ about 70 or 80 miles from Maulmain.’
In 1841 Captain Tremenheere reported the discovery of wad, in large
quantities, in the basin of the great Teoasserim river, but specimens sent
to Mr. Piddington were found by him to contain no manganese, and to
be almost wholly carbonaceous.^
2. — Oxides of elements of the Arsenic and Sulphur groups.
Valentinite. (?) —According to Captain Hutton, stibnite occurs abun-
dantly in some of the mountains to the northward of Killa Abdoollah in
Pishin, on the Afghan frontier, north of Quetta, and is accompanied by
^Hhe oxide or white antimony.^^ *
Eermesite and cervantite are found in connection with the immense
lodes of stibnite at Shigri, in Lahol, North-Western Himalayas.^ There
are specimens of both oxides, presented by Mr. Calvert, in the museum.
Cervantite occurs at Shigri, as mentioned under the preceding mi-
neral. The stibnite deposits near Maulmain, described by Mr. Griper,*
are sometimes altered near the surface into cervantite. The latter mi-
neral, owing to its earthy appearance, was not recognised as an ore of
antimony by the Burmese, until it was pointed out to them by the
writer quoted.
3. — Oxides of the Carbon-Silicon group.
Quartz.— CrystaL^^ln the Tan jore district, pebbles, sufliciently
clear for cutting into spectacle lenses, occur in the Cuddalore (tertiary)
grits or conglomerates near Vellum, and are found loose in the beds of the
streams running off the grit plateau. They, and the smoky quartz and
cairngorms found with them, are supposed to have been derived, origin-
ally, from quartz veins in the metamorphic rocks.’'
In the bed of the Godavari, west of Bajahmundri, large crystals
have been found. Some that Captain Campbell saw were nearly 4 inches
in diameter.®
5 Page 61.
> R. Romanis* Report on Minerals of Tenasserim. 28th July 1885.
® Vide Tremenbeerite, p. 10.
* Calcutta Jonr. Nat. Hist., Vol. VI, p. 599.
^ J. Calvert : Kulu : its beauties, Ac., p. SO.
« Page 13.
^ W. King and R. B. Foote : Memoirs, G. 8. I., Vol. IV, pp, 258, 370.
** Calcutta Jour. Nat. Hist,, Vol. 11. p. 282.
BOCK CRYSTAL.
Mineralogy.]
68
According to Captain Newbold^ the quartz^ which forma a constituent
of the granite dyke in which the beryl mine at Paddioor (in Coimbatore)
was sunk^is sometimes regularly crystallized^and one crystal was extracted
which measured 27^ inches in length and 15 in diameter.^ Dr. Bucha-
nan says that between Pogolur and Karur the soil is generally poor,
with many projecting rocks, especially of pure white quartz, among
which are found irregular masses perfectly pellucid.^^ *
In Mysore milky quartz is segregated into large beds (reefs?) form-
ing chains of hills, usually containing nests and seams of iron ore, rock-
crystal, and crystals of amethystine quartz.^^ Quartz in large crystals
is also said to form a constituent of coarse granite.’
In parts of Hyderabad rock crystal is common, according to Dr.
Walker.*
In the Central Provinces remarkably fine rock-crystals occur in
some abundance near Bijkomar, to the south of Bolangir (Sambalpur
district). They appear to occur in a nest in vein-quartz.’^’ Specimens
in the museum, brought by Mr. Ball, range up to 8 and 9 inches in
length, with a diameter of 2 or 8. Very pure rock-crystal is found in the
Bhadrachallam and Rakapalli taluks, in the Upper Godavari district.’
Over the immense area covered by the Deccan trap, which comprises
large portions of the Bombay presidency, Berar, Central India, and part
of the Central Provinces, crystallized quartz is common in the form of
geodes. Very frequently these have a chalcedonic shell, from the interior
of which the crystals have grown, but sometimes the geode is formed
wholly of crystalline quartz. Some contain large drusy ca/ities in
the interior ; others are nearly, or completely, filled with crystals, converg-
ing to the centre. More often than not, perhaps, the quartz is scarcely
sufficiently clear to be called rock-crystal. It but seldom occurs in
crystals which exceed an inch in diameter, and the larger crystals are
not often transparent. The form known as trihedral quartz, in which
the terminal pyramid of each quartz crystal consists of three planes
instead of six (fig. 16), or in which three planes are very much more
developed than the other three, is of common occurrence.'^ ^ Specimens
in the museum, from the Thul ghat, show the three terminal planes
only, the prismatic planes being buried between the closely-packed
crystals.
The distribution of quartz, and of the secondary minerals generally,
^ Madras Jour. Lit. & Sci., Vol. XI T. p. 172.
* Journey through Mysore, &c., Vol. II, p. 299.
3 Mysore Gazetteer, Vol. 1, pp. 20, 21.
* Mudrus Jour. Lit. & Sci., Vol. XVI, p. 187.
» V. Ball : Kccords, G. S. I., Vol. X. p. 183.
* Central Provinces Gazetteer, p. 506.
7 W. T. Blanford, Pt. 1, p. 305.
64 GEOLOGY OF INDIA— BOCK CRYSTAL. [Part IV.
is by no means uniform over the trappean area. In one part quartz
predominates, in another chalcedony ; and these are more or less asso-
ciated with jaspers, agates, homstones, heliotrope, and semi-opal or
cacfaolong. In other places particular members of the zeolite family
prevail, nearly to the exclusion of the siliceous class; and elsewhere
there is a diminution of minerals amounting almost to privation.^^ ^
At Tankara, 24 miles north of Rajkot^ in Kathiawdr, ''crystal, a
clear transparent stone resembling glass in appearance,^^ is said to occur
in masses under the surface of the soil, from 1 to 20Ib in weight.^^ *
As Tankara is on Deccan trap, where large crystals are not known to
occur, probably masses of aggregated crystals are meant.
Between Baroda and Oodeypore Mr. Hardie noticed "immense
beds of quartz-rock,^^ in some of which "numerous imbedded masses of
a nearly transparent quartz, forming a coarse rock-crystal, occur ; indeed,
almost the entire of some of the beds exists in this last form.^^ ^ The
same author mentions having seen "some very beautiful specimens of
rock-crystal from Meywar, in Bajputana.^
According to Captain Dangerfield, rock-crystal is abundant in part of
the hill range which runs north and south past (west of) Oodeypore ;
images, &c., of that material being exported thence, as well as from
Jaipur, to neighbouring parts of India.^
"Fine specimens of rock-crystal are occasionally picked up^^ on
Mount Abu,®
We have been informed by Colonel Muir, the Political Agent, that
" crystals, sometimes of a large size,^^ are found at Karaola and Hataona,
in Tonk. Specimens sent to the museum were small and poor.
Mr. Tellery, manager of the State Garnet Works, has recently made
experimental diggings at Nawai, near the village of Hustal, in Jaipur,
but the crystals found were too small to have any marketable value, and
the quarries were abandoned.^
In the Punjab, rock-crystal has been obtained from pits 2 or 3
miles to the south-west of Aurangpur, a village about 15 miles south
of Delhi. " The crystal does not occur in its primitive position, but in
a secondaiy deposit of siliceous breccia very highly impregnated with
iron. Each crystal is encased in a sheath of hematite. Lower down
the matrix becomes less ferruginous, and then purely argillaceous, and
> W. H. Sykes: Trans. Geol. Soc., 2nd Sen, Vol. IV, p. 424.
’ Select. Bee. Govt., Bombay, No. IV, p. 29. In tbe original, Tankdra is said to bo
12 miles north of R4jkot, but it is 24 on the Indian Atlas.
* Asiatic Researches, Vol. XVIII, Pt. I, p. 93 ; Ft. II, p. 63.
* Edin. New Phil. Jour., 1829, p. 835.
* Malcolm’s Central India, Vol. II, p. 343.
* R4jput4na Gazetteer, Vol. Ill, p. 93.
7 Report on Jaipur Garnet Works Cor 1885, p. 4.
Minenlogy.] BOCK CRTSTAL. 65
the largest and purest crystals are said to be found in this white elay.^
The rock in which the breccia occurs is Arvali (transition) quartzite.
Doubly-terminated crystals of quartz^ either transparent^ reddish,
or more opaque, are found in quantities in the gypsum of Mari on the
Indus, at the western end of the Salt range. Similar crystals are found
at KAIab%h, on the other side of the river, and at Katha, Sardi, and
Kusak, in the Salt range.’ According to Dr. Jameson, the colour of the
crystals varies in general with the rock ; the most beautiful varieties
are the rose red, but they occur also white, gray, brick-red, black, &c.,
varying from transparent on the edges to semi-transparent, translucent,
and opaque ; in form generally the six-sided prism terminated by the
double six-sided pyramid, but with numerous modifications’ of the
terminal planes, and sometimes the lateral planes are wanting altogether,
when we have the double six-sided pyramid. In other crystals one of
the lateral planes will be large at the expense of all the other five,
which are only represented in miniature, but the forms ’ are too much
varied to attempt to notice them all. In size they vary from that of
millet seed to two or three inches. The resplendent appearance presented
by the gypsum when the sun is shining, produced by these imbedded
crystals, is very striking. * * * The crystals are of contemporaneous
formation with the gypsum, and probably have been formed by segrega-
tion of silica from that rock. In the rock-salt, though much more rarely,
crystals are found imbedded.^^ * With reference to the last sentence, Mr.
Wynne remarks that he has never observed rock-crystals in the salt, or
known them to have been observed.’
Figure 17 illustrates the commonest t}rpe of Salt range crystal
amongst those in the museum. In other crystals the pyramidal planes
are predominant (fig. 18), and the double pyramid without prismatic
planes (fig. 19) is also met with, as well as crystals like those represented
by figs. 20 and 21. Others are distorted from the enlargement of certain
planes.
In Kashmir, rock-crystal is said to be found in crystals of consider-
able size and purity in the tertiaries on the route from Leh to Skiu,
in the neighbourhood of the Rambak-la (about 15 miles south-west of
^ Dr. Thomson, quoted in B. H. Poweirs Hand-Book of Punjab Eoonomio Products,
p.47.
* Op. eit., pp. 41, 48, 69. A. B. Wynne ; Memoirs, G. S. I„ Vol. XIV, p. 800.
* Dr. .Jameson appears to use the terms * modification ’ and ' form * in reference,
merely, to the varying relative sizes of similar planes, due to distortion. A large number
of specimens in the Museum have only the faces C3DP. B.— B. Some of them are very
symmetrical, while others are distorted.
^ ^ Jour. As. Soc., Bengal, Vol. XII, p. 206.
* Memoirs, G. S. I., Vol. XIV, pp. 77. 300.
66
GEOLOGY OF INDIA-AMSTHTST.
{Fart IV.
Leh). Mr. Lydekker has been shown good speoimens obtained from
the metamorphics of the Padar district, on the Upper Chin&b. Large
crystals occur in the metamorphics of part of the Ladfikh range^ but
they are almost always opaque.^ Ordinary quartz-crystals, some
of them very large/^ are said by Mr. O. Young to have been found in
association with the sapphires of the 2^nskar range.*
In the trappean rocks of the Rajmah&l hills agate and quartz occur
in great beauty and variety, of every size, from a mere point to some
feet across; forming a thin coating on the surface of the vesicle, or
partially or entirely filling the cavity. In the majority of cases, these
ca\nties have a thin coating of natrolite immediately adjoining the trap,
inside which the agates have been formed. The quartz, when it occurs,
is generally the innermost, or last deposited mineral. There has often
been a repetition of these layers of agate and quartz. In colour they are
generally white, or smoke-coloured ; occasionally the agate layers have a
red tint, while the quartz crystals are sometimes, though rarely, of a
beautiful amethystine tint (Burhait). The agate occurs in botryoidal,
reuiform, and mammillated groups, and some very beautiful specimens
have occurred.^^ *
Small crystals of quartz are common in Tenasserim, and large spe-
cimens of rock-crystal are sometimes brought from the Siamese frontier.^^ *
Small, but limpid, rock-crystals have been found in the seams of a cherty
rock associated with crystalline (tertiary ?) limestone, in the island of
Ramri (Arakan) and fine crystals of quartz occur, in connection
with quartz-veins, on the island of Bompoka, in the Nicobars.*
Milky quartz is of very common occurrence in the form of quartz-
veins traversing the crystalline rocks of India. Crystals of the mineral
sometimes occur in connection with the veins, as at Bijkomar,in Sambal-
pur, where they have been found with rock crystals.’' The latter, indeed,
are generally milky towards the base. A crystal of the former kind,
detained by Mr. Ball, measures 12 x 4 inches.
Crystallized milky quartz is also common in geodes in the Deccan and
Bajmahal traps, there being every gradation from such to rock-crystal.*
Amethyst is said to occur with the rock-crystals found near Vellum,
in Taujore.^ Amongst other specimens presented to the museum, as
* R. Lydekker : Memoirs, G. S. I., Yol. XXII, p. S40.
‘ American Jour. Sci., 3rd Ser., Vol. XXVI, p. 339.
s T. Oldham : Jour. As. Soc. Bengal, Vol. XXIII, p. 271.
* F. Mason : Natural Productions of Burma, p. 19.
‘ Records. G. S. I., Vol. XI, pp. 192, 222.
* H. Rink : Select. Bee. Govt. India, No. LXXVII, p. 133.
7 Page 63.
* Page 63. •
* Page 62.
AMSTHTfiT.
67
Mineralogy.]
* Vellam stones/ was ''a crystal amethyst (a six-sided prism^ with
terminal pyramids) in whichj radiating from the corresponding faces of
an internal pyramid) was a brush of small acicular crystals of rutile.
The crystal; which was rather broken at one end; measured one inch in
length by 3*5 (sic. *35 ?) in diameter According to Mr. H. F. Blanford;
however; the amethysts are all brought to Vellum from Kangiam; in
Coimbatore/ from which locality specimens now in the museum are said
to have come.
A lead-bearing vein; in crystalline rock; at Coilcontla; Kumool; de-
scribed by Mr. Wall; generally is well defined by its walls of clear
amethyst quartz.^^ ’ Amethystine quartz has also been noticed in My-
sore.^ According to Dr. Walker; amethyst ‘‘is found in the quartz-
veins of the granite; and is by no means rare; in every part of the
Hyderabad soubah; and is cut into ring stoneS; &c.^^ ^ Dr. Heyne noticed
large crystals of amethyst; striated; and not of the finest colour; in the
same region.^ According to Dr. Balfour; beautiful amethyst crystals
occur in dykes of quartz near Bowenpilly; at Secunderabad.^' ^ The
same mineral; together with rock-crystal; &c.; is found in the bed of the
Godavari river.®
Amethyst occurS; in drusy geodeS; in the Deccan trap; although com-
paratively rarely.® Generally (according to Colonel SykeS; always) there
is a chalcedonic shell; from the interior of which the amethyst crystals
spring. Very often the lower part of these are of milky quartz; the
pyramidal and neiglibouring part being amethystine. The geodes
of the Rajmahal trap also include amethystine quartZ; although but
rarely.^®
Mr. Hardie mentions having seen '' some crystals of amethyst; of no
great value/' from Meywar.^^ At the village of Rondel; near Samote;
in Jaipur, where amethysts were said to occur, Mr. Tellery has recently
made experimental diggings, but the crystals found were either too small,
or too inferior, for use,“
A few crystals of amethyst have been found, according to Mr.
1 W. King and R. B. Foote : Memoirs, G« S. 1., Vol. IV, p. 371. The specimen was lost
at sea before reaching Calcutta.
a Ibid., p. 217.
^ Madras Jour. Lit. & ScL, Vol. XX, p. 291.
* Page 63.
^ Madras Jour. Lit. & Sci., Vol. XVl, p. 186.
* Tracts on India, p. 265.
’ CyclopeBdia of India, Vol. I, p. 91.
• Oriental Repertory, Vol. II, p. 472.
• W. T. Blanford ; Pt. I, p. 305. W. H. Sykes: Trans. Geol. Soc., 2nd Series, Vol, IV,
p. 424.
» Page 66.
» Edin. New Phil. Jour., 1829, p. 335.
^ Annual Report on Jaipur Garnet Works for 1885, p. 4.
F 2
68 GEOLOGY OF INDIA-SMOKY QUARTZ. [FUt FIT.
*
Young^^ in association with the sapphires of the Z&nskar range, in
Klbhmir.^
Pebbles of amethyst, or violet quartz, are brought from the rivers
of Burma, where they are regarded as a variety of the sapphire,^^’
Mr. Mason says. Further on, he alludes to the occurrence of violet
sapphire, or oriental amethyst,^^ thus clearly distinguishing between
the two stones.
Ro^e quartz is met with occasionally in portions of the quartz-veins
which traverse the crystalline rocks of India. As cases in point, speci-
mens now in the museum from the Banbura and Hazaribdgh districts,
in Bengal, may be mentioned. Dr. Walker says that such quartz is com-
mon in Hyderabad,^ and Mr. Hardie describes a stratified quartzite, some
parts of which had a slight rose tinge, between Sagwara and Jari^na, in
Dungarpur, Bajputana.^ According to Dr.Thomson, rose quartz is one
of the varieties of the mineral which are found in the trap geodes in the
Bombay islands,^ and it has been noticed under similar circumstances in
the Deccan.^
False topaZf or yellow quartz.—" Very beautiful golden yellow trans-
parent quartz’^ is said to have been found in the Nellore district,^
the same variety also occurs near Vellum, in Tanjore, with the rock-
crystals already noticed.® " Dull specimens of yellow quartz, or citrine,
have been met with, by Dr. Mason, on the Tenasserim, but they are not
common.®
Smoky quartz is found with the rock-crystals of Vellum,^® and, like
the crystal and false topaz, is cut into ornaments by the lapidaries there.
Bather large crystals have been obtained from Bolangir, in Sambalpur,
where they occur with rock-crystals.^^ One in the museum is 7 inches
long. Dr. M’Celland states that "smoky quartz is found in large
quantities on the surface of the alluvium near Panch Pahar,^^ in the
Santhal pargannahs, but has not been observed in situ}^ Some of the
quartz-crystals occurring in the geodes of the Bajmahal trap are smoky,
as already noticed.^®
^ American Jonr. Sci., Srd Beries, Vol. XXVI, p. 839.
* Nataral Productions of Burma, p. 20.
> Madras Jour. Lit. & Sci., Vol. XVI, p. 187.
* Asiatic Researches, VoL XVllI, p. 93.
* Madras Jour. Lit. & Sci., Vol. V, p. 161.
* Newbold : Jour. Boy. As. Soc., Vol. IX, p. 37.
f Indian Jonr. Arts A Sci., Pt. Vlll, p. 578.
** Page 62.
* Natural Productions of Burma, p. 20.
» Page 62.
Page 68.
^ Report Qeol. Sur. for 1848-48, p. 68.
Page 66.
CAT'S BTE.
Xinenlogj,]
Caft-ege, &om the coast of Malabar, has been described and analys*
ad by Elaprotb. Tbe bu-gest of tbe spedmens in bis possession, wbicb
vere uncut, measured 1 x } x } inches. Its colour, on the cross frac-
ture, was a brown-red, with a lighter tinge on the longitudinal ; the speci-
fic gravity was 2*626.^ The portion of the mineral analysed yielded—
Silica 94*60
Alumina 2*00
Oxide of iron *26
Lime 1*50
98*26
Cut specimens of quartz cat^s-eye^ said to be from Malabar^ in the
museum^ are of a light greenish-gray colour^ and indifferent quality^ but
they may not be fairly representative.
Dr. Balfour states that the cat’s-eye is obtained from Quilon and
Cochin^ and in the neighbourhood of Madras.^
According to information received by Dr. Heyne, cat^s-eyes are found
in the bed of the Eistna^ in the neighbourhood of the Palnad ^ (north-
west part of Guntoor).
Cat^s-eye, " the principal colour of which is gray, presenting many
varieties, usually translucent, is found on the JBowa Goree and Bowa
Abbas hills (near Batanpur, in the state of Rajipla, Bombay), or at
their base, and in the bed of the river formed by the rains between the
hills, which is dry in ^he month of October. It occurs in blunt-edged
and rolled pieces. The pebbles are of various shapes, and small sizes, not
exceeding 2 oz. in weight. Eoree or Lussunia^ a yellow pebble, semi-
transparent, is found scantily with the catVeye. It receives a very fine
polish, is much esteemed, and is usually cut for ring stones.*’^ * Laha-
sanid is the Hindi name given to cat’s- eyes that are green or yellow,
clear, and have reflecting powers like those of the looking-glass/^ ^
Dr. Mason states that cat’s-eyes are brought from Burma, but that
those seen in the Maulmain market are not much valued, ten rupees
being the highest price given for the best.^
It is to be noted that, except with reference to that from Malabar, in
no case is it stated whether quartz or chrysoberyl cat’s-eye is meant.
As the matrix of chrysoberyl is usually granitic or metamorphic rock,
while that at Batanpur is trappean, it is highly improbable that
•
' Analytical Ettays, p. 78.
’ EncyclopoBdia, Vol. I, p. 607.
* Tracts on India^ p. 235.
^ A. Summers : Select. Bee. Qovt. Bombay, new Series, No. IV, p. 81.
^ Baja Sourindro Mobun Ta^^ore : Mani-Mdli, Pt. II, p. 867. Mr. Prinsep suggests
that lahvi/nia is the star sapphire (Jour. As. Soc., Bengal, VoU I, p. 356).
* Natural Productions of Burma, p. 20.
70 QEOLOGT OF INDIA- CHALCEDONY. [Part IV.
the cai^s-eye there is chrysoheryL Indeedi as one author mentions the
cat Veye called oheshamdAr or dola*^ and on the same page says the
common agate is of two kinds^ a white half-clear stone called dola or
cAeiharnddr^*^ &c., it may well be doubted whether the stone called cat^s-
eye by Mr. Summers^ and others^ is even true quartz cat's eye.
Prase has been observed in pegmatite^ in the Nilgiri hills.*
Massive and crystallized leek-green " prase was noticed, by Dr. Heyne,
in some laige specimens from near Hyderabad, associated with quartz,
amethyst, pyrites, and calcspar.* In Tenasserim green quartz, or prase,
is sometimes found in the form of pebbles in the mountain streams,
but it is not very abundant."*
Captain Franklin states that the diamond-bearing conglomerate in
some of the mines near Panna, in Bundelkhand, contains, with other
pebbles, those of green quartz, and that it is considered a good sign
when the latter are abundant.*
Jvaniurine . — Specimens of an extremely handsome bright-green
avanturine are included in the museum collections. One of these is a
block measuring 7x3x2 inches. The avanturine character is due, in
part at least, to minute scales of silvery mica bespangling the massive
translucent quartz. The specimens, presented by Colonel Guthrie, are
said to have come from the Bellary district, but unfortunately the exact
locality is unknown.
Chalcedony and agate occur in immense profusion in the Deccan
traps, and are prominently alluded to by almost every writer on those rocks.
** Chalcedonies and agates occur in the amygdaloidal cavities of the trap,
from the size of a pea to that of a six-pound shot, or larger. They are
often found in the form of geodes, filled, or partially filled, with crystals
of quartz ; sometimes amethystine, in the centre of which is often seen
a crystal of calcspar. The exterior shape of these masses of chalcedony
and agate is extremely regular (sic, irregular?) ; sometimes spherical,
but more commonly compressed and irregular ; generally botryoidal, or
mammillary, or stalactiform. Sometimes the chalcedony is so perforated
by a number of small circular cavities as to resemble a bubbled mass of
white lava." * In some parts of the country, owing to the decomposition
of the trap, the surface is strewn with geodes, and nodules, some of which
are one or two feet in diameter. In some cases these minerals occur in flat
plates, which appear to have been formed in cracks.^ Through the great
’ Bombaj Gazetteer, Vol. VI, p, 199.
» H. Congreve : Madras Jour. Lit. & Sci., Vol. XXII, p. 287.
’ Tracts on India, p. 265.
* F. Mason : Natural ProductionB of Burma, p. 20.
* Asiatic Besearohes, Vol. XVIII, Pt I, p. 106.
* Newbold ; Jour. Eoy. As. Soc., Vol. IX, p. 38.
' W. T. Blanford, Pt. I, p. 305.
Mineralogy.] AOATE-JA8PBR. 71*
denudation^ again> which the traps have undergone> extensive beds of
tertiary agate-gravel have been formed^ and agates have been swept down
by the rivers and are now collected far away from the trappean area. A
considerable trade exists in the collection, treatment, and cutting of
the different varieties, the chief centre of which is at Cambay, although
such lapidary work is also carried on at Jabalpur and B&nda. The
different stones used, which are chiefly brought from near Rajkot, in
Kathiawar, and Rajpipla, in Rewa Kantha, and the methods employed at
Cambay, have been described by several writers. One of the best
accounts is quoted in extenso in Part III of the present work (p. 607).
Chalcedony and agate are also abundant in the traps of the R&j-
mahal hills.^ Some of the specimens now in the museum show a double
mode of growth, the exterior having been formed in concentric layers,
and the interior in parallel ones. In others, again, the exterior concentric
shell of agate is lined with crystals of quartz, within which are further
concentric layers of agate, and finally a centre of parallel ones.
The localities where chalcedony, &c., have been reported to occur
beyond the areas of the above trappean rocks, and the rivers draining
from them, do not seem to be numerous. Chalcedony of white, yellow,
green, and blue colours, stalactitic, dendritic, botryoidal, and massive in
shape, lining the geodes of cellular ferruginous quartz,^^ is stated to occur
in the Nilgiri hills.* The same mineral has been reported from the
Bangalore district.* Near the city of Biana, which lies about 50
miles west-south-wost from Agra, there occurs a series of alternations
of a ferruginous quartz rock, with a peculiar conglomerate, containing
imbedded agates, agate-jaspers, and similar minerals, with adularia, &c.
The cementing medium is exceedingly hard and compact, and is itself of
the nature of agate. These rocks occupy the rugged termination of a
hill range, which stretches from this point in the direction of Ajraere.^^ *
According to Dr. Mason, chalcedony, both white and yellow, has been
discovered at Moopoon, near Maulmain, and is very abundant in Burma :
* * * agate is found at Moopoon, and, the natives say, at Mergui
also/^ * Mr. Theobald, however, remarks that both statements require
confirmation.^
Although some of the succeeding stones— those immediately follow-
ing — ^are merely varieties of the above, it may be desirable to notice
them separately.
Afjaie-jasper is common in the Deccan trap. Captain Newbold
> Page 66.
’ H. Congreve : Madras Jour. Lit. & Sci., Vol. XXI I, p. 249.
^ Mysore and Coorg Gazetteer, Vol. II, p. 2.
* J. Hardie : Edin. New Phil. Jour., Vol. XIV (1833), p. 79.
^ Natural Productions of Burma, pp. 21, 22.
• Ihid,t 2iul edit., p. 13.
72
GEOLOGY OF 1NDIA--CARNEL1AN.
CPartn.
mentions it as being found in the beds of the Kistna^ Oodivarii and
Bhima rivers^ and in the Bajpipla hills,^ and there are handsome speoi-
mens from the Narbada vallej, and from B&nda^ in the museum. It
may be noted here that the agates^ &c.j cut at B&nda, are brought down
by the river Ken from the trappean area. The occurrence of agate- jasper
near Biana, in Bhurtpore, has been aUuded to above, and Mr. Hardie
mentions having observed it as the cementing material of a very beauti-
ful quartz conglomerate, at the village of Sawah, 14 miles north of
Neemuch. The same mineral was also noticed near the fort of Buneerah,
about 9 miles from Oodeypore.^ Dr. Irvine says that fragments are
brought down by the Banfis and other rivers, in Bajputana.
Carneliati is obtained in large quantities, from mines in tertiary
agate gravels, near Batanpur, a village in the state of Bajpipla, 13 miles
east of Broach. A full account of the methods of mining and treating
the stones may be found in Pt. Ill, p. 607. The pebbles, which are origin-
ally derived from the Deccan traps, and are of different sizes up to a
pound in weight, and chiefly of uneven form and surface, are cloudy, of
various shades of brown, and others of different tints of yellow, in the
natural state. After exposure to the sun, and baking, these assume other
tints as follows : light brown becomes white, dhola ; pale yellow, rose-
coloured, or gulabi; deep yellow, red, or loll; a mixture of cloudy brown
and yellow becomes white and red, named uhluchee ; another shade of
yellow turns pinkish purple, named nafarmani ; and brown becomes a
darker shade, named emni” ^
Carnelian has also been reported from other parts of the Deccan trap
area. The accounts, however, do not state what the natural colour of the
stone is, or whether it is artificially changed or not. Captain Newbold
mentions that it is found in the beds of the Godavari, Kistna, and Bbima
rivers,^ and Dr. Heyne near Hyderabad.^ It is said to occur, although
but rarely, in the neighbourhood of Bombay.^
According to Dr. Irvine, pebbles of inferior carnelian are found in
some of the streams of Bajputana.^ ''At Chumpar Pahar, about 6
miles north-east of Dubrajpore, in the Bajmahal hills, carnelian and
topaz occur in drusal cavities of trap/' ® Probably the author meant
yellow quartz by topaz.
Some of the Indian carnelian is of the variety known as sard^ a
large mass of which is exhibited in the British museum collection.
' Jour. Boy. As. Soc., Vol. IX, p. 37.
Edin. New Phil. Jour. Vol. VII (1829), pp. 117, 119 ; Vol. XIV (1833), pp. 79, 279.
A. Summen : Select. Rec. Govt. Bombay, No. IV, p. 30.
Jour. Roy. As. Soc., Vol. IX, p. 37.
Tracts on India, p. 264.
B. Thomson: Madras Jour. Lit. A Sci., Vol. V, p. 161.
Topography of A j mere, p. 161.
* J. M’Clelland: Report of Geological Survey of India for 1848-49.
ONTX.
78
MfawnlogjJ
Mott-agaU is not uncommon in the Deccan trap. It u{ found near
Tank&ra, in the state of Morvi, K&thiaw4r, and, about 8 miles from the
same village, at Bud Kotra, about 2 feet under the surface of the soil, in
massive layers, cracked, and weighing from i to SO or 40Ib.'' * *' At
Khyaria, a villi^ 2) nules west of Tank&ra, some mo8s>agate, occur-
ring as a large irregular vein in decomposed amygdaloidal trap, has been
worked in a desultory way by the villagers for a number of years." *
Specimens brought by Mr. Fedden are of very translucent gray, or
white, chalcedony, through which a green mineral, apparently glauco-
nite, is interspersed, partly in moss-like forms. Some specimens show
reddish-brown delineations mixed with the green, due to oxide of iron.
Moss-agate is also found in Rdjpipla ; in' the beds of the Goddvari,
Kistna, and Bhima rivers,* near Hyderabad,* and at Banda.* Speci-
mens in the museum, from the last locality, are not unlike those from
Morvi. Small moss-agates are picked up, it is said, in the river,
in Bdjputina.*
Moeha »tone is also found in the Deccan trap. A remarkably fine
series of cut specimens, bought at Jabalpur, and obtained, perhaps, from
the Narbada, is now in the museum. “ Mocha stones of a beautiful Vind
are found in the bed of the Chambal." * They are collected in large
quantities at Kaparwanj (Kapadvanj), in the Kaira district, Gujarat, and
in the bed of the river Mdjam between Amliala and Mandwa, about 15
miles from Kaparwanj, "in rolled balls of spheroidal, reniform, and
amygdaloidal figures, from ^ to lOIb in weight."^ It is also «» a»d that
they are met with in the Bajahmundry district.*
Newbold mentions them as being obtained in the localities already
given, on his authority, for moss-agate.
Onyx is another variety of chalcedonic stone found in the Deccan
trap. That which has come under the writer’s eye in the cut and
polished state (as at Jabalpur, where it is sold by the lapidaries) has been
mostly black, and opaque white, in alternate bands ; sometimes also with
bands of very translucent brown. But such stones have doubtless been
artificially treated. The only specimens of the natural stone in the
museum are from Banda, and from the Rajmah&l trap, and consist of
alternate bands of translucent gray, and (comparatively) opaque white,
chalcedony.
1 A. Summers: Select. Rec. Govt. Bombay » No. IV, p. 28.
> F. Fedden : Memoirs, O. S. I., Vol. XXI, p. 134.
> Newbold : Jour. Roy. As. Soc. Vol. IX, p. 37.
* B, Heyne : Tracts on India, p. 365.
* Vide ** Agate-jasper,” p, 72.
* R. Irvine : Topography of A jmere, p. 162.
7 A. Summers : Select. Rec. liovt. Bombay, No. IV, p. 28.
^ W. Aiuslie: Materia Medicaof Hindustan, p. 169.
74
GEOLOGY OF INDIA-FLINT.
[PATtlV.
Onyx, from the Deooan trap, has been recorded as found in the beds
of the God&vari^ Kistna, and Bhima rivers/ and near Hyderabad.*
It is said that ** onyx of a coarse kind is not uncommon in detached
pieces^^^ in Rajput&na/ and, aooording to Dr. Mason, it is found at
Moopoon, near Maulmain.^
Sardonfx has been mentioned as found near Hyderabad/ and is
amongst the stones sold by the lapidaries at Jabalpur, from whom speci-
mens in the museum were obtained. They have no doubt been treated
artificially in the same way as carnelian. The stone noticed by Mr.
Summers, under the name of mora^ as obtained near Ratanpur, in Raj-
pipla, is perhaps sardonyx, but the description is not very clear.®
Flint almost undistinguishable from fragments of English chalk
Hints, is found at Coorchycolum, a village in the north-east of the Tri-
chinopoly district, a few miles south of the Vellaur,^^ and also to the
south-east of Saintoray. llie flint occurs in the upper part of the cre-
taceous rocks and is believed to form a continuous band.^ Nodules of the
same substance are found in the eastern part of the Mysore district, which
were formerly used for making gunflints : ® the material for these was
also obtained in Bellary, * and there is an abundant supply i miles south
of Wodoorti, in the Kapadgod range, Dharwar district/®
The cherty bands of the transition limestones in the Narbada valley,
noticed below, sometimes pass into flint.
In the hills near Sukkur and Rohri, on the Indus, one portion of the
nummulitic limestone, some 200 or 300 feet thick, is very hard, and,
especially towards the base, contains large masses of flint, many of
which precisely resemble, in every respect, those of the English chalk.
Some of the nodules at Sukkur exceed a foot in diameter. These flints
contain sponges and less frequently Foraminifera,^^ Cores, and flakes
s])Ut from them, are scattered about abundantly in some places.
Flint, in true chalk, has been recently described, by Mr. Griesbach
as occurring in Afghan Turkistan.^*
Immediately across the Kurram, on the Afghan side opposite to
Thai, is the very rugged hill of Bakkarkanch (flint-stone) . ♦ ♦ ♦
‘ Newbold : Jour. Roy. As. Soc., Vol. IX, p. 37.
3 B. Ueync : Tracts on India, p. 265.
• R. Irvine : Topography of A j mere, p. 161.
* Natural Productious of Burma, p. 21.
^ B. Heyne : Tracts on India, p. 265.
• Select. Bee. Govt. Bombay, No. IV, p. 31.
7 H. F. Blanford : Memoirs, G. S. 1., Vol. IV, p. 213.
^ Gazetteer of Mysore and Coorg, Vol. II, p. 194.
* Bcllary Manual, p. 95.
T. Newbold : Madras Jour. Lit. & Sci., Vol. XI, p. 46.
W. F. Blanford . Memoirs, G. 8. 1., Vol. XVII, pp. 103, 106.
“ nde“ chalk.*'
CHERT.
75
Mineralogy.]
It is chiefly formed of masses of hardened and altered brecciatcd beds,
some being altered limestone or a siliceous rock full of angular frag-
ments of hornstone or flint/^ ^ Flints, having a chalky white coating,
from eocene limestone, obtained in the Namal hills, Bannu, were exhi-
bited in the Lahore exhibition of 1864.*
Dr. Romanis has lately observed nodules in limestone at Duyinzeik,
north of Maulmain, which resembled chalk flints. Some were hollow,
the cavity inside being filled up with limestone.^' *
HornHone^ generally in the form of a peculiar hornstone breccia,
occurs in very massive irregular beds, very often in association with lime-
stone, in some of the transition rocks of India. Thus, hornstone has
been described as forming a prominent member of those rocks in the
State of Bijawar, and neighbouring region in Bundelkhand ; in the Dhar
forest on the Narbada, to the south-east of Indore ; in the Son valley ;
at Bag, some 70 miles west- south-west of Indore; in the country near
Gwalior; and near Kaladghi, in Bombay.^
Hornstone also occurs as a veinstone (so-called &ult rock), especially
in the schistose rocks ; as in the neighbourhood of the Ramgarh coal-
field, in the Hazaribagh district.*
Chert is very common, especially in connection with limestones of vari-
ous ages. Thus, Mr. King has described ferruginous chert bands in the
Chey-air beds of the Kadapah ^transition) formation, in the Madras presi-
dency.® In the transition rocks of Bag, the Dhar forest, and further up
the Narbada valley, highly cherty limestone is very abundant, the calcare-
ous and siliceous portions of the rock being interbanded, generally in thin
layers.*^ Thin bands and flattened nodules of black chert rre common
in the Bhanrer (upper Vindhyan) limestone in Rewah and Bundelkhand.®
The limestone of the Lameta group, in the Central Provinces, ** abounds,
as a rule, in masses, sometimes irregular, sometimes more or less lenti-
cular in form, of segregated chert,^^ and the same is true of the Bag
limestone. Mr. Blanford has suggested that ^Hhe occurrence of the
chert nodules may be due in both eases to infiltration from the overlying
traps, or to deposition from hot springs at the commencement of the
volcanic epoch.® Perhaps the most common form of the intertrappean
bands (of the Deccan trap in the Central Provinces), ^^or that which
* A. B. Wynne : Records, Q. S. I., Vol. XII, p. IH.
* B. Powell : Punjab Products, p. 45.
* Beport on Minerals of Tenasberim, 1885, p. 5.
* Pt. I, pp. 29, 31, 35, 45, 56, 67.
» V. Ball : Memoirs, G. S. I., Vol. VI, p. 128.
* Memoirs, G. S. I., Vol. VIII, p. 188.
7 Pt. 1, pp. 31, 32, 45.
^ Memoirs, Q. S. 1., Vol. VII, p. 83. ‘
* Pt. I, p. 309.
79
GEOLOGY OF INDIA-JASPER.
[Part IV.
is most conspicuous^ is a compact blackish cherty rock^ a kind of Lydian
stone. It is clear that this rock has been originally a silt^ and has been
hardened; either by the outpouring of igneous rock over itj or by chemical
infiltration; the former being the more probable/^ ^ Perhaps the term
* porcelain jasper^ would be applicable to some of this rock.
Plama* — ^'The variety of chalcedony called plasma is seen in the
Nizamis territories; south of the Bhima; between Sunnoo and Jyattaky ;
it occurs in an amygdaloid; imbedding green earth; white chalcedony;
and calcspar. The white chalcedony is seen distinctly passing into
plasma; and the plasma, by different gradations of shades; from trans-
lucent apple-green to the dark and almost opaque green, into bloodstone ;
the colouring matter is the green earth ; and the red spots we see in the
bloodstone are evidently derived from the bright red bole which here
occurs in layers and nests in the amygdaloid. The green colour in some
of the white chalcedonies is often disposed in delicate moss-like fila-
ments. On exposure to the blow-pipe, the green of both the plasma and
heliotrope is destroyed; that of the plasma changing to a purplish
white.^' This last observation has been confirmed by the writer, with
reference to the heliotrope, and the green jasper into which it passes.
The author quoted also says that plasma is found in the beds of the
Godavari; Kistna, and Bhima rivers,* and Dr. Voysey notices plasma,
or translucent heliotrope,^^ amongst the minerals found in the Deccan
trap of the G4wilgarh hills.*
Jasper . — Beds of this mineral occur to some extent in the gneissose
rocks of India, but are far less common there than in the transition
series. Thus banded jaspers seem to occur somewhat abundantly in
the metamorphic rocks bordering the Kadapab district.* Quartz passing
into jasper, and interbanded with hematite, has been noticed in the
gneissose rocks of Bundelkhand.*
Jasper is very abundant in the transition rocks, forming a prominent
member of the series in many parts of the country. The colour generally
varies from dull to bright red, and very frequently the jasper is inter-
banded with hematite, thus forming a variety of ribl^n-jasper. At
times the jasper passes insensibly into hornstone and ordinary quartz.
As cases in point, Mr King has described red and brown jasper beds
in the transition rocks of Kadapah district.* Mr. Foote speaks of the
splendid ribbon-jaspers so largely developed in the north-eastern ridge
1 Ibid., p. 811.
5 T. Newbold : Jour. Roy. Ag. SfKS. Vol., IX, pp. 87, 88.
3 Aiiatic Pegearcheg, Vol. XVIII, Ft. 1, p. 191.
< Ft. I, p. 62.
* Pt. I, p. 18.
• Memoirs, G. S. L, Vol. VIII, p. 188.
Mineralogy.]
HELIOTBOPB.
77
tlie Sandur hills in Bellary.^ Jasper^ very commonly of the banded
character described above^ and often of a briUiant red^ is also abundant
in the transition rocks of the Narbada and Sone vaUqrSj’ and of Gwalior.^
It also occurs^ under similar circumstances, in Chutia N&gpur.^
Conglomerates, many of the pebbles in which are jasper derived from
beds like those described above, so that in some cases the rocks have
been designated 'jasper-conglomerates,^ are not uncommon. Such
rocks occur in the transition strata of the Kadapah district, the jasper
being derived from the metamorphics,^ while the transition beds ci the
Bellary and Anantapur districts have furnished "the bright-coloured
jasper pebbles which are so striking a feature in the basement and other
conglomerates of the lower Yindhyan rocks/'^ The jasper in the
Kaimur conglomerate of Bundelkhand, doubtless, had a similar origin.
Jasper, very often of a dark-green colour,— similar in fact to that
of heliotrope without the spots, but sometimes red or yellow,— is a very
common mineral in the Deccan trap, where it occurs chiefly in flat plates,
which appear to have been formed in cracks.^
Jasper also occurs in the hills to the east of Assam (as is indicated
by the rolled.pebbles brought down by the rivers) ; in the Nicobars;^ and
Andamans.*
Heliotrope is not uncommon in the Deccan trap, where it occurs,
according to Mr. Blanford, in the same way as the jasper just mentioned.
Most of it, indeed, appears to difEer from the green jasper merely in the
presence of red spots or streaks ; but in some cases it would seem more
to approach chalcedonic quartz. The transition from heliotrope through
plasma into chalcedony, described by Newbold, has already been alluded
to.^®
Amongst the localities where the mineral has been found, the bed of
the river Muta-Mula, in the Poona district, has been noticed as producing
fine specimens.^^ Near the village of Tankara, in the state of Morvi,
Kathiawfir, heliotrope is obtained " in massive layers from i to 40Ib in
weight.^^ The stone is partly " green, with flamed streaks or red spotted
delineations,^^ partly "more variegated with green, red, and yellow tints.'^^*
* Records, G. S. L, Vol. XIX, p. 111.
* Pt. I, p. 33.
* 0. A. Hacket : Records, G. 8. 1., Vol. Ill, p. 36.
* Pt. ni, p. BOB.
* IBtdi, Pt. I, p. 62 ; Memoirs, G. S. I., Vol. VIII, p. 153.
^ R. B. Foote : Records, G. 8. 1., Vol. XIX, p. 99.
7 W. T. Blanford :Pt. I, p. 305.
* Select. Rec. Govt. India, No. LXXVII, p. 138,
* Records, G. S. I., Vol. XVII, p. 86.
Pago 76.
» W. Sykes : Trans. Geol. Soc., 8nd Series, Vol. IV, p. 425.
^ A, Summers : Select. Rec., Govt. Bombay, No. IV, p. 28.
78
GEOLOGY OF INDIA-PSEUDOMORPHOUS QUARTZ. [fWt IV.
Indian already noted| the darb-oolonred chert of the inter-
trappean beds in the Central Provinces has been described as approach-
ing Lydian stone in character. The same may^ perhaps^ be said of the
black chert in the Bhfinrer limestone.
According to Mr. Hardie, ^'a conglomerate, containing rounded
masses of Lydian stone, quartz, &c.,^^ is one of the rocks forming a group
of low hills near the village of Sawah, about 14 miles north of Neemuch,
and similar masses are enclosed in a calcareous rock found in the valley
of Oodeypore, as well, apparently, as in other parts of Meywar.^ Mr.
Durrschmidt states that in the schistose rocks of Singhbhum far-stretch-
ing dykes of white quartz are frequent ; sometimes they are coloured by
carbonaceous matter, and have become real Lydian slates (jeweller^s
touchstone).^^ * It may, perhaps, be doubted whether the rock in
question is true Lydian stone, especially as Mr. V. Ball, who subsequently
surveyed the same district, makes no mention of such.^ Siliceous
schist passing into Lydian stone is stated to occur near Ootacamund.^
Pseudoimrphoui quartz . — A peculiar siliceous veinstone, which is
very common in India, especially in metamorphic and transition rocks,
and to which, on account of its frequently marking lines of dislocation,
the term ^fault-rock ^ was formerly applied, in one of its forms consists of
thin plates of quartz, with long, narrow interstices between them, which
are evidently due to the removal of thin tabular crystals of specular iron.
Each plate of quartz is composed of indistinct interlocking crystals, which
have grown towards, and met in, the centre, or sometimes, when they
do not meet, there is a drusy cavity in the middle. The surfaces of the
plates are shining and smooth, except where etched by three systems
of parallel striae, which cross each other at angles of 60°. These are
doubtless pseudomorphous after the striae, which often present them-
selves on the basal planes of tabular specular iron, and which are parallel
to the edges between the basal and rhombobedral faces. Some of the
cavities are partly filled with limonite, due to the alteration of the anhy-
drous oxide.^
In another form of the rock the quartz is fibrous, and may be pseudo-
morphous.
Mr. Hardie noticed fibrous quartz, of a slightly reddish tint, with
fibres arranged in a manner similar to those of fibrous gypsum,^'
at Gherwasi in JaipuTi Bajputana. It is described as occurring in
* Edin. New Phil. Jour., Vol. TII (1829), pp. 117, 119.
* Report on Copper Mines of Singhbhum, p. 19.
« Memoirs, G. 8. L, Vol. XVIII, Pt. 2.
* H. Congreve : Madras Jour. Lit. 8ci., Vol. XXII, p. 882.
* H. B. Medlicott : Records, G. S. 1., Vo!. VIII, p. 84i. V. Ball : Memoirs, G.^S. L,
Vol. VI, p. 128; Vol. XVIII, p. 76.
Mineialogy.]
S1UC1F18D WOOD.
79
'' oblong portions ol small esze^^ imbedded in metamorphic rodcs^ but the
author does not state whether he considered it pseudomorphous or not.^
The chalcedony^ already described as so abundant in the Deccan trap^
very often contains crystals of calcspar. Owing to the removal of Hhs
latter^ rhombohedral cavities are frequently met with. Similar pseudo-
morphs are common in the chalcedony of the Rajmahal trap.
In some cases^ again^ the crystals of calcite are encrusted with a layer
of chalcedony. There is a hue group of this sort now in the museum^
obtained by Mr. Fedden from Western Cutch.
Silicijied wood . — Certain of the tertiary rocks in many parts of India
contain enormous quantities of silieified wood. Thus^ Mr. Theobald has
given the name of ^ fossil-wood group ' to one subdivision of the system in
Pegu, as the most prominent characteristic is the immense amount of silici-
fied wood occurring in those beds, and washed out of them into newer
gravels. The author states that the wood is liable to alteration from
absorption of water, being converted into an opaque and earthy hydrate,
which readily disintegrates and crumbles away. The analyses given below,
however, do not show a large excess of water in the altered mineral. The
wood appears to be all exogenous, and of one species.^ Silieified wood is
also extremely abundant in the Tipam group of Upper Assam.^ In some
parts of Western Sind, and especially in the neighbourhood of the
Laki range, silieified fossil-wood is found in abundance in the Manchhar
beds, stems of large trees being of common occurrence. The majority are
dicotyledonous, but some fragments of monocotyledons are also found.''*
In the conglomerate of Perim island, in the gulf of Cambay, " immense
masses of fossil-wood occur, very hard, heavy, and black." ® The wood
there would seem to resemble some of that in Assam, in containing more
or less carbonaceous matter mixed with the silica. The Cuddalore beds
contain ** exogenous silieified fossil- wood, some of which is coniferous,
and has been described under the name of Pence ec Am id tana. ♦ ♦ ♦
This silieified wood is especially abundant at Tiruvak&ri (Trivicary), about
14 miles west-north-west of Pondicherry. ♦ * The trunks of
trees occurring at this place are of large size, one having been found
as much as lOO feet in length, whilst stems 15 to 20 feet long, and 5 or
6 feet in girth, are not uncommon. They occur prostrate, imbedded in
ferruginous grit." ®
Silieified wood also occurs in some of the intertrappean beds of the
Asiatic Bosearches, Vol. XYIII, Pt. 2, p. 85.
Records, G. S. I., Vol. II, p. 79; Memoirs, G. S. I., Vol. X, p. 247#
F. B. Mallet : Memoirs, G. S. I., Vol. XII, pp. 297, 301.
W. T. Blanford : Memoirs, G. 8. 1., Vol. XVII, p. 64.
Ibid., Vol. VI. p. 376.
Pt. I, p. 386 j J. Warren, Asiatic Bescarches, Vol. XI, p. 1.
80
GEOLOOT OF INDIA-^OPAL.
[Part IV.
Deccan trap. Dr. Spry found palm-trunks of this kind at Saugor.^
Near the village of Cotandemi 48 miles from Ooa^ silicified wood occurs
over an area of several square miles, in rock which is covered in places
by trap.* In some of the R4jmahAl intertrappean strata there occur
in the greatest abundance, silicified trunks of trees, chiefly exogenous,
and more a or less perfect. The majority of these vary from one foot to
eighteen inches in diameter, while some are seen so much as three or four
feet across. Sometimes the rock seems to be made up of a mass of
small stems or twigs.^^*
Such specimens of the above fossil-woods as have been examined
were all essentially quartz-silica, not opal; and the same may, possibly, be
true of all them. Analyses by Mr. Tween of the Pegu wo(^ afforded
Uxialtered. Altered.
Silica 98*9 94*27
Oxide of iron, alnmina, and lime .... ... 3*98
Water 1*1 1*80
100*0 100*00
The wood is so hard that it is used by the Burmese for striking fire
with steel. Specimens respectively from the upper tertiary rocks, in the
North Cachar hills ; from the Bdjmabal intertrappean beds (coniferous) ;
and from the Deccan trap (palm), have been lately examined by Mr.
Blyth. On ignition they only lost •90,’95, and *50 per cent, in weight,
and a hot solution of caustic potash did not extract more than a few
per cent of silica.
OpaL — Precious opal is not known with certainty to occur in India.
Within the last year the writer has seen very fair specimens, which were
said to have been discovered not long before in India, and, as the writer
has some reason to believe, within the area of the Deccan trap; but
the owner was not veiy communicative on the subject.
Opal, varying from a bluish-white translucent variety to an opaque
white one, is common in parts of the Deccan trap area, occurring in
nodules of various sizes in the amygdaloids. Thus, Dr. Heyne states that
semi-opal is found near Hyderabad inland. The colour of the best is
bluish-white. Others partake of a reddish, and somewhat fiery efihil-
gence, when placed between the eye and the sun. They have a glassy
lustre, and are strongly translucent. Fracture conchoidal; hardness
equal to that of quartz. Specific gravity between S*09 and 2*063. Thqy
strike fire with steel, which I believe is peculiar to this variety of opal.
1 Joor. As. Soc. Bengal, VoL II, p. 689.
* C. Marchesetti : Jour. As. Soc. Bombny, Vol. XII, p. 216.
^ T. Oldham : Fftleoniologla Indies, Ser. II, Vol. I, p. 6 ; Memoirs, G. S. I., Vol. XIll,
p. 217.
TABA8HEBR.
81
Minenlogj.]
'When exposed to the air it becomes opaque/^ ^ Colonel Sykes^ again,
notes that at Oondnrgaon^ and up both banks of the Seena river to
Purrunda" (in the Poona district), '^numerous and very fine speci-
mens of milk-opal, with a flame-coloured tinge in transmitted light,
are found on the sur&ce/^ The same author mentions semi-opal or cacho-
long amongst the trap minerals.* Dr. Voysey notices common and
semi-opaP^ as occurring in the same rocks in the Gawilgafh hills.* The
plain of Bejapore and Sitabaldi are other localities given by Captain
Newbold for common opal, who further says, ^'The cacholongs which
occur in the plain of Bejapore are usually milk-white, and present both
the bard and soft earthy varieties noticed by Brongniart in the cacho-
longs of Champigny ; the former exhibits a shining fracture, while the
latter is chalky, light, and adheres to the tongue.^^ * The authors quoted
do not seem to agree altogether in their nomenclature. It may, perhaps,
be said that the mineral is common opal, verging on the one hand to-
wards, or into, gyrasol, and on the other into cacholong.
Opal, similar to that of the Deccan trap, also occurs in the trap of
the R4jmahfl hills. Masses up to one or two feet in diameter have
been observed by the writer near Sahibganj railway station.
The trap opal sometimes contains pseudomorphous cavities, after crys-
tals of calcite, similar to those already noticed under pseudomorphous
quartz.
Beyond the trappean limits opal has not often been observed. It has
been noticed, but only in small quantity, at Puga, in Bupshu, with native
sulphur, gypsum, and kaJinite.* At Rutland island, in the Andamans,
small seams of brown opal occur in serpentine.®
Tabasheer is a siliceous substance which is sometimes found inside
the bamboo, at and near the joints both above and below the septum.
It it said that in India it occurs in the bamboo of certain parts of the
country, only, amongst which Sylhet, Nagpur, Hyderabad, the neigh-
bourhood of Vizagapatam and Vellore, and ]>iirt of the Malabar coast,
are mentioned. It is only found in some stems, and in those which con-
tain it, it only exists in certain joints. Out of twenty-eight stems hold-
ing the substance, some contained it in one or two joints and none in
more than three. The substance exists originally in solution in the water
which is sometimes found in the joints, and from such solution the taba-
sheer is deposited.
^ Tracts on India, p. 264. The hardness given is higher than that of any specimens
examined by the present writer.
■ Trans. Geol. Soc., 2nd Series. Vol. IV, p. 424.
* Asiatic Researches, Vol. XVlIl, Pt. I, p. 191.
^ Jour. Roy. As. Soc., Vol. IX, p. 39 ; Madras Jour. Lit. & Sci., Vol. XII, p. 27.
® Memoirs, G. S. 1., Vol. V, pp. 163, 168.
• Records, G. S. I., VoL XVIl, p. 80,
OBOLOGT OF INDU-TABASflEBR.
[Put IV*
8S
It vftries in aj^Mranee; some speoiiiiens have a transparency,
transmitting a yellowish, and reflecting a bluish-white light ; some are
a bluish-white colour and pearly lustr^ not unlike chalcedony in ap-
pearance, but much softer ; others, again» are white and opaque. When
put into water the substance emits a large number of air-bubbles and
absorbs a quantity, frequently more than its own weighty of the
liquid, the first-mentioned kind becoming almost perfectly transparent
when so saturated. It phosphoresces when heated. The index of re-
fraction of the transparent kind was found to vary between 1*1115 and
1*1535. A specimen of the bluish-white kind (H=2*6) yielded on
analysis —
Silica 90*50
Alumna *40
Ferric oxi4c *90
Potash 1*10
Loss on ignition 4*87
97*77
The loss on ignition was chiefly water, but not entirely, a peculiar odour
exhaled indicating the presence of a small quantity of vegetable matter.
Tabasheer is readily soluble in caustic alkali, and slightly so in water.^
It should be noted that in a much later analysis of tabasheer, from
Java, the amount of potash is much greater (nearly 5 per cent.) than
that given above— a point of importance with reference to the solubility
of the substance in water.*
The specific gravity of a sample of nearly opaque white tabasheer,
obtained in the Calcutta bazar, was determined by the writer ; 63*63
grains (dried over oil of vitriol) weighed 109*99 grains when fully satura-
ted with water, and, in that condition, displaced 80*72 grains of water,*
This gives a specific gravity of *664 for the tabasheer, inclusive of the
pores, and 2*202 for that of the substance, exclusive of the pores. The
absorption of water was 106*1 per cent, by weight of the dry tabasheer :
69*8 per cent, of the total bulk of the dry substance was occupied by the
pores, and 30*2 by the actual tabasheer itself. The sample, when satura-
ted with water, was bluish and highly translucent.
> P. Russell, Phil. Trans., 1790, p. 278; J, Made, Ibid., 1791, p. 368; D. Brewster,
Ibid., 1819, p. 283 ; T. Thomson. Madras Jonr. Lit. and Sci., Vol. IV, p. 490. An analysis
by £. Tamer is given in the Edin. Jour. Sci., Vol. VIll (1828), p. 336, bnt the writer has
not access to that journal.
» Watt’s Dictionary of Chemistry, quoting fiost van Tonningen, Jahresb, I860
p. 531.
» During the process of taking the spedEc gravity, 0*11 grains of the substance was
dissolved, for which allowance was made.
Mberalogy.]
FTBOXBNB.
83
n.— Ternary Oxygen Oomponnds.
1. Silicates.
A.— Anhydrous Silicates.
(a) Bisilicates — General formula RSiOgSsRO.SiOg.
Enstatite appears to have been only noticed microscopically in certain
peridotites from Ladakh.^
Bronzite is said to be of very common occurrence in gabbro, in tbe
Arakan range, and in some of the Nicobar islands.’ ^Metalloidal dial-
lage^ has been observed in the valley west of Snowdon, in the Nilgiri
hills, but the author was uncertain whether it should be referred to
bronzite or hypersthene.’
Hypersthene. — According to Captain Newbold, hypersthene is
occasionally seen in the hornblende schist of the ceded districts.’^ ^ It
is also said to occur, in basaltic greenstone, in Mysore ; ^ and in green-
stone, east of Tavoy.’ The identity of the mineral is, perhaps, not alto-
gether beyond doubt in one or two cases.
Wollastouite. — Close to the village of R&ondi, in South Rewali
(lat. 23^ 56', long. 82° 32'), in two patches of gneiss occurring as inliers
in the T&lchirs, limestone is very abundantly met with, the same beds
being probably repeated by folding. It is a white crystalline rock,
varying from a saccharine variety to one with cleavage facets of i inch
across. The band to east of Raondi contains a very large amount of
wollastonite. In fact, the rock is entirely composed of this mineral in
places, constituting there a ' wollastonite schist,' which, from its greater
resistance to atmospheric influences, often stands up above the general
surface in a low jagged ridge. The mineral has a greyish-white colour
and bright pearly lustre, and the approximate parallelism of the principal
cleavage faces gives the rock a somewhat fissile structure,^
The same mineral has been noticed by Mr. Foote, with coccolite, in
crystalline limestone, on the west side of the Yijayapatti creek in South
Tinevelly.
Pyroxene. — ^As a constituent of the Dei3can and other traps of
India, pyroxene is very widely diffused, but it has rarely been found in
> C. A. McMahon : Records, O. S. 1., Vol, XIX, pp. 116, 118.
» Pt. II, pp. 714, 736.
> H. Congreve : Madras Jour. Lit. & Sci., Vol. XXII, p. 287.
* Trans. Roy. As. Soc., Vol. VIIl, p. 158.
* Mysore and Coorg Gazetteer, Vol. I, p. 24.
^ Natural Productions of Burinah, p. 25.
7 F. R. MaUet : Records, G. S. I., Vol. VI, p. 42.
OEOLOOT OF 1NDIA--TREMOL1TS.
84
[Fart IV.
distinct crystals. In the Deccan trap no crystallized pyroxene has been
observed except locally in some of the ash-beds.'^ ^
Biallage has been reported from several localities, but it is doubtful
whether the mineral so described should in every case be referred to
pyroxene. It is common in gabbro and serpentine in some of the Nico-
bar islands,* and the Arakan Yoma, and diallage rocks are spoken of as
common in ^^Ava proper The mineral is disseminated through
serpentine in the Hanie and Puga valleys, Ladakh.^ Captain Newbold
states that he had only met with diallage rock in two localities in
Southern India, — viz., in the Salem district and at Bannawara, about 8
miles west from Bangalore. In the latter case it appeared to form a
dyke or vein in gneiss and mica schist.*
Sahliit and emaragdite are amongst the minerals described as oc-
curring in the Nilgiri hills.®
The garnet rock which occurs in subordinate masses in the metamor-
phic rocks of parts of Chutia Nagpur, and Southern India, not unfre-
quently passes into one composed of garnet and coceolite? The latter
also occurs disseminated through crystalline limestone, as near Yizia-
nagram.® The mineral, however, has not been analysed.
Bhodonite. — There is a specimen of this mineral in the museum,
which was obtained by the writer from a lohari, who found a quantity of
it a foot or two beneath the surface, in the southern part of the Mirzapur
district. From its weight he had supposed it to be iron ore, and
attempted to smelt it as such.
The rhodonite associated with the braunite of Bamtek, near Nagpur,
has already been noticed.*
Amphibole — Tremolite , — The most common habitat for this mineral,
as far as the writer^s experience goes, is the dolomitic limestones of the
transition and metamorphic rocks. That magnesia-lime-hornblcnde
liould be of frequent occurrence in dolomite is indeed what might be
exj>ected. The mineral also occurs in the schistose rocks of the same series.
The following are a few of the localities where tremolite has been
noticed
» W. T. Bliiuford : Pt. 1, p. 305.
* Ihld., Pt. II, p. 735.
^ J. W. Heifer: The Provinces of Ye, Tsvoy, and Mergoi, p. 26.
* Memoirs, G. S. I., Vol. V, pp. 128, 168.
^ Jour. Hoy. As. Soc., Vol. IX, p. 9. An analysis by Captain J. Campbell, of " black
diallage ” which is said to form the pillars of Sultan Tippoo’s tomb at Seringapatain, is
given in the Calcutta Jour. Nat. Hist, Vol. VI, p. 199. But it is admittedly imperfect,
and is remarkable as including no lime.
* H. Congreve : Madras Jour. Lit. A Sei., Vol. XXII, pp. 238, 234, 237.
7 Kecords, G. S. I., Vol. VII, p. 34.
» W. King : Kecords, G. S. 1., Vol. XIX, p. 165.
ICaeralogy.] JaDB. 86
Adepuram^ Nellore. Asbestiform tremolite found in veins^ with
adularia and ma^etite> in mica slate.^
West of Rumpaid, Kandiconda taluq, Hyderabad. White fibrous tre-
molite, found by Dr. King in the limestone of the Kadapah series.
Korhadi, near Nagpur. Coarsely crystalline saccharoid dolomite,
with long white crystals of tremolite, very like some specimens
from the Val Tremola, St. Gotthardt.^^ *
Retournah, north-west of Sunpur Kh&s, Jabalpur district. White
tremolite found by Mr. Hacket in crystalline limestone. At and
near the marble rocks, in the same district, straw-coloured tremo-
lite occurs in dolomite.*
Bichi river. South Mirzapur. Large and brilliant crystals of
greyish tremolite, in dolomite.* In some places [e.g.y west of
Dumrahur and XJrjhut) in the same district, bands of light-grey
crystalline-massive tremolite rock occur in the gneiss. They are
an unusual variety of the hornblende rock which is so abundant
in the metamorphics.*
Ulwur in Rajput&na. Tremolite and actinolite common in crystalline
limestone.®
^raganda copper mine, in t he Hazaribagh district. Irregular layers
of tremolite and actinolite schist occur in micaceous and chloritic
schists.
Manbhum. Tremolite and actinolite are amongst the minerals occur-
ring in the raetamorphic rocks.^
Jade is largely worked in the Karakash valley on the southern
borders of Turkist^n (Pt. Ill, p. 517).
Since the issue of Mr. BalPs work the Karak&sh jaJe has been
examined by Mr. C. L. Allen, in the laboratory of the Virginia Univer-
sity. The specimen (one of those brought by Dr. Stoliczka) is
described as forming a compact, extremely tough mass, of very pale
sea-green colour, and lustre between vitreous and pearly ; streak white.
Translucent. Hardness=6’5. Specific gravity = 2* 98. Analysis gave
Silica ... ....... 57*35
Alumina .......... 1*03
Ferrous oxide ......... 1*22
Mag^nesitt ......... 2273
Lime 13*40
Soda ......... *25
Potosh .......... *23
Water .......... 2(59
98*90
I
> T. Newbold : Madras Jour. Lit. and Sci., Vol. XII, p. 28.
* S. Haugbton : Jour. Roy. Dublin Soc., Vol. II, p. 176.
* J. Franklin : Asiatic Researobes, Vol. XV II I, Pt. 1, p. 34.
* P. R. Mallet : Records, G. S. I., Vol. V, p. 20.
» Ihid., p. 22.
® r. A. Racket: Vol. X, p, 85.
7 V. Bull ; Memoirs, O. S. 1., Vol. XVIll, p. 43.
86 GEOLOGY OF IKDIA-BERYL. [PftTt IV.
whiob corresponds essentially to the formula Mgr+ A SiO^. The
hydrogen of nearly all the water is regarded as basic.^
The so-called ''zeolitic ollineraV^ occurring with the Karak&sh jade,
is, there can be little doubt, dolomite (as suggested by Mr. Ball), firstly
because dolomite is a common habitat of tremolite ; and secondly, because
in one or two specimens brought by Dr. Stoliczka, and now in the
museum, the jade is mixed with coarsely crystalline white dolomite.*
The tremolite rock, already noticed as occurring in South Mirzapur,
in some places (more noticeably between Kotamaua and Bamni, and the
top of Kurea gh£t) passes into a finely granular, to nearly compact,
variety, forming a coarse jade.* The specific gravity of the mineral is
3*10. Like the jade of the Karakish valley, it fuses before the blowpipe
with some difficulty, and with intumescence.
A stone, known in commerce as jade, is extensively worked in the
Mogoung district of Upper Burma. With reference to it, vide
jadeite. *
Aetinolite is not unfrequently met with in the metamorphic and
transition rocks, in the form both of aetinolite schist and of crystals
disseminated through talcose and other schists, limestone, &c.
Asbestos has been found in parts of the Madras presidency, in
Chutia Nagpur, in Afghanistan, in the Punjab, and inOarhwal (Pt.III,
p. 519).
Hornblende occurs in immense quantity in the metamorphic rocks,
sometimes by itself in the form of hornblende rock, but usually as a
constituent of such, and of hornblende schist, syenitic gneiss, &c.
. Hornblende also forms a constituent of some of the transition rocks, and
is likewise found in some of the volcanic, «.y., in the andesites of Narcon-
dam, and the ash-beds of the Deccan trap.*
Bexyl. — The chief localities where this mineral has been obtained are
in the Coimbatore district, and in the Punjab Himalayas. It has jlso
been foun4 in Hazaribagh and some other places (Pt. Ill, p. 520).
Mr. Te^ery, manager of the Jaipur state garnet works, has lately
examined some beryl localities in R&jputana. He writes that the Toda
Kai Singh beryl mines were once worked on a considerable scale, but
have been stop^d for the last twenty years. The mineral also occurs in
the country surrounding Toda Bai Singh, up to Panwar, Malpura, and
* Chemical News, li[ov. 1882, p. 216.
‘ Some time ago a sihall specimen of jade (S.G. « 8*02), which was said to have come
from Central Asia (Kars^aiah ?) , was presented to the museum by Sir O. St. John, then
Resident in Edshmir. At is cut ea cabockon, and shows a band of light similar to that of
an inferior quartz cat^Leye. Doubtless the iade is fibrous in structure, like some of that
from Karakdsh, ns by Dr Stolierka.
* Records, C/ S. I., Vol. V, p. 22
^ Page
* Meu/irs, G. S. L, Vol. XXI, p. 282 ; Manual, Pt. I, p. 312.
CHRtSOLlTE.
IBnenJogyJ
W
Diggi, as well as at Newai, in Tonk. Mr. Tbllary carried out experi-
mental diggings at Toda Rai Singh| but the beryl founds although of
good colour and lustre, was in such small pieces as to be unsaleable.^
The position of the Toda hills has been given under chrysoberyl.*
Panwar is 8 miles south, and Malpura and IMggi respectively 27 and
88 miles north of S&jmah&l. Amongst a number of specimens, picked
up in the neighbourhood of Shahpura (a town 88 miles west-south-
west from Rajmahfil), recently sent to the museum, by the Political
Agent of Haraoti and Tonk, for determination, were several pieces of pale
blue and gman beryl. Some were clear enough for cutting, but only of
small size.
It would seem, therefore, that beryl is by no means an uncommon
mineral over a considerable area in part of Rajputdna : perhaps it may be
inferred that its matrix is the granite which penetrates the transition
rocks in numberless dykes.
Beryl has also been found, in vein-granite, at Ungooland Ramidi, on
the borders of the Talchir coal-field, in Orissa. * Of two crystals from the
former locality in the museum, which are about an inch in diameter, one
is white and nearly opaque and shows the faces ooP. ooP2. OP, The
other is yellowish without termination. A yellow crystal from Ramidi
exhibits the combination ooP. ooP8. 8P2. P.
(J) Unisilicates— General formula Rg Si 04 = 2 R 0 . SiOg.
Chrysolite — Olivine is common as a constituent of the doleritic
lavas of the Deccan trap, occurring in translucent yellowish grains ^ and
sometimes in well-formed crystals.^ Some portions of the Rajmahal
trap also contain large quantities of olivine.^^ ^ The mineral is a con-
stituent of the Barren island lavas, and the sand on the beach, at the
anchorage there, is composed almost entirely of olivine and bottle-green
tran»ucent augite.^ Olivine is the chief constituent of certain eruptive
rocks (peridotites) occurring in Lad&kh.^ Dr. Hooker states that at some
spots in the neighbourhood of Kinchinjhow, in the Sikkim, snowy range,
much olivine is found in the fissures of the gneiss/^ ^ It seems possible
that the mineral may be epidote, and the same may, perhaps, be said
1 Report on Jaipur garnet works for 1885, p. 4 .
- Page 68.
* Memoirs, G. S. I., Vol. 1, p. 36.
« Pt. I, p. 804.
* P. N. Bose : Memoirs, G. S. I., Vol. XXI, p. 52.
‘ T. Oldham : Palssontologia Indioa, Ser. II, Vol. I, p. 2.
^ Memoirs, G. S. I., Vol. XXI, p. 274.
^ C. A. McMahon : Records, G. S. 1., Vol. XIX, p. 115.
^ malayan Journals, Vol. II, p. 128. j
S8 GEOLOGY OF INDIA-- GARNET. [Part 17 .
of tbe '' chrysolite mentioned by Dr. Irvine as occurring near
Ajmere.^
Garnet. — In innumerable parts of India garnet is common, and
often extremely abundant, in the metamorphic rocks. It is also of fre-
quent occurrence in the transition and plutonic. According to Captain
Newbold, in Southern India garnet is found in the metamorphic schists
in greater abundance where they are in contact with plutonic rocks, or
trap dykes, than elsewhere.
Mr. Ball has described, from an economic point of view, some of the
more important localities where garnet is known to occur (Ft. Ill,
p. 521). There is little that can be added of a more purely mineralogical
character; but one or two analyses have been made, so that means for
classifying Indian garnets into groups are almost entirely wanting.
Lime-alumina garnet. — A few miles north of Ootacamund, in the
Nilgiri Hills, Dr. Benza found a rock composed of garnet, which he be-
lieved to be cinnamon-stone, hornblende, felspar, and mica.* Garnets, of
which ^'many assimilate essonite,^^ are described by Captain Newbold as
occurring in the gneiss of Nellore.*
Magnesia-alumina garnet. — According to the same author, ^'py-
rope is said to be found in the central parts of the peninsula'^* (in
Southern India) ; and Dr. Mason states that ^^a variety of garnet, either
identical with, or nearly resembling, the pyrope garnet, is brought from
Burma. It is characterized by giving to transmitted light, a yellow
tinge.
Iron-alumina garnet — Precious garnet” has been reported from
many places, and the mineral is worked in several parts of India (Ft. Ill,
p. 521). But in the absence of analyses it would, perhaps, be unsafe to
assume that all such should be referred to this group.
Since the publication of Mr. BalFs work, Mr. Teliery, manager of the
Jaipur state garnet works, has issued his first annual report (1|B5).
He writes that the garnets of the Sarwar mines (which some 25 years
age are said to have brought in a revenue to the state of B50,000 per
annum), although not as large as those found in the Kakoria quarries,
are unequalled for colour and lustre by any in the world ; and were it not
for their possessing a too violet tint, which is not in favour in Europe and
America at present, they would in every way excel the Kakoria stones.^
’ Topography of A j mere, p. 161.
Madras Jour. Lit. A Sci., Vol. IV, p. 266.
* Jour. Roy, As. Soc., Vol. VII, p, 153.
* Jour. Uoy. As. Soc., Vol., VIII, p. 152.
^ Natural Productions of Burma, p. 23.
* Kakoria, in the state of Jaipur, in probably the same as Eakor of the Indian Atlas
lat. 26" r long 75*^ 59.'.
GABKRT.
89
Sinev^alogy.]
Mr. Tellery states that there are garnet quarries, in Mey war, near the
villages of Bansra, Bendira^ Pur Dhadhia, and Sangwa, which have been
worked considerably of late years, but the stones, as a rule, are not of very
good quality, and the quarries are not as rich as those at Sarwar and
Kakoria. There are several others situated in the lands of thakurs, who
do not work them as they fear it might lead to confiscation. One of these
is near Kekri, in Ajmere, which, however, only contains small stones.
Small but very good garnets were also noticed between Babai and
Khetri.^
Judging from the colour, quality, and size of the stones found in some
of the Rajputana quarries, Mr. Tellery hazards the opinion that tlie
oriental garnets mentioned by the ancient writers must have come from
that part of India.
Lime-iron garnet — In the metamorphic rocks of the Hazaribagh
district irregular beds of massive garnet, sometimes of considerable
thickness, are met with.* This rock, to which the name Calderite
was applied by Mr. H. Piddington, has been analysed by Mr. Tween
with the following result
Silica 87*44
Alumina 6*27
Ferric oxide 19*38
Ferrous oxide 5*24
Manganous oxide •••..••, traces
Lime 30*93
Magnesia 1*40
10^6
Figures which give the proportion
3RO : SO 3 : SiOg = . 220 : . 182 : . 619.
gi>^iig the usual formula
(R'3 11)2 Si3 Oj2 or fR3 B;. 03)2*38102
The specimen analysed had a specific gravity of 3*735.
The specimens of this massive garnet which have passed through the
writer^s hands, in the field and in the museum, have been mostly dark
yellowish-brown, with a resinous lustre, and translucent on the edges :
sometimes the mineral is nearly black ; in other cases considerably lighter.
Taking its colour, lustre, and composition into account, the mineral, or a
great deal of it at least, ought to be called colophonite.
> The chief town of a tributary state in Jaipur.
* H. Piddington : Jour. As. Soc. Bengal, Vol. XIX, p. 145 ; Vol. XX, p. 207 ; F. R.
Mallet, Records, G. S. I., Vol. VXI, p. 34.
90
GEOLOOT OF INDIA-GARNET.
[Ftet 19.
M<Hre or less quartz is often disseminated through the garnet (to
which, very likely, the slight excess of silica in the above analysis
should be attributed), and the mineral is, in some places, intimately mixed
with coccolite, this compound rock and the massive garnet passing into
each other.
A mineral from Nepal named Calderite is, according to Sochting,
massive garnet.'^ ^
Captain Newbold mentions conformable beds of a granular garnet
rock in the hornblende and mica schist near Gurumanipenta, in Nellore,*
and there are specimens in the museum of garnet rock, from the Coim-
batore district, which vary in colour from yellowish-brown to light yellow
and yellowish-white. In the latter variety possibly the amount of
alumina is larger and the garnet may approach grossularite.
The author just quoted states that colophonite is not uncommon in
Salem, Nellore, Mysore, the Nilgiris, the Carnatic, and other parts of
Southern India. He further mentions green garnet, which should
perhaps be referred to this group, as occurring in quartz-veins penetrating
hornblende schist, at Sankerydroog, in Salem.’
Manganeie-iron garnet ?—k specimen of massive garnet (so-called
** Calderite), from Katkamsandi, 12 miles north-west of Hazaribfigh, of
a dark brown or black colour and resinous lustre, with a specific gravity
of 3*65, was analysed by Mr. Piddington, who gives the result as
follows *
Silica ....
. 46*85
Alumina ....
•36
Lime ....
. 100
Arsenic ....
. -20
Perox. iron
. 8018
Protox. manganese
.
•
. 2100
Loss, partly traces of fluorine
. *92
lOOCO
This gives the proportion : — 3BO : SO 3 : SiOj : .105 : .192 : .766,
or about 2:4:15. The excess of silica may be attributed to the free
quartz which the author says was disseminated through the specimen, but
the divergence from the normal ratio between the sesquioxides and pro-
toxides is extremely wide. Taking this into account, and the inaccuracy
of one or two other analyses by the same author, the above analysis
* Amer. Jour, of Scienoa 2nd Seriei., Yd. XXYIII, p. 186, quoting Kengott’s Min.
Forsch. for 1856-57, p. 115. The writer has not aooess to the original work.
* Jour. Roy. As. Soc.> Vol Vll, p. 158.
> Ibid^ p. 224.
* Jour. As. Soc. Bengal, Vol. XIX, p. 145 ; VoL XX, p. 207.
Wnenlogj.]
ZIRCON.
91
must b$ regarded as highly dubious.^ The Hazdribdgh garnet very
possibly varies considerably in composition^ but it scarcely seems probable
that it does so to such an extent as the two analyses quoted would in-
dicate.
Chrome garfiet.^NeAv the Hdnld monasteryj in Bupshuj Kdshmir^
loose blocks of chromite were found by the writer ^ which were traversed
by extremely thin seams of an emerald-green mineral, occurring in
brilliant, minute, rhombic dodecahedrons. Unfortunately the mineral
was only observed when leaving the spot, or much better specimens
might perhaps have been obtained : as it was, the amount that could be
devoted to an analysis was not sufficient for a trustworthy result. But
there can be no reasonable doubt that the mineral is chrome garnet,
taking into consideration its crystallization, its containing a large amount
of chromium, and its perfect similarity in appearance to ouvarovite from
the Urals, which it also resembles in its mode of occurrence with
chromite.*
It should be remarked that most of the garnets alluded to above
have been, apparently, named from their outward appearance only. Some
of the determinations, therefore, must be regarded as doubtful in as far
as variety is concerned.
The only garnets in the museum collections noticeable on account of
their crystallization, are from the old Mahabagh lead mine on the bank
of the Fatru river, in the Hazaribfigh district,* and from north-west of
Saidaparam, Oudur taluq, Nellore.
The former are crystals up to three-quarters of an inch in diameter,
resembling cinnamon-stone in colour, embedded in calcite with coccolite,
and with lustrous faces of the forms ooO. S0|. 202. Tie latter are
rhrombic dodecahedrons up to two inches across. Regarding the Nellore
locality Dr. King writes : The garnets in these beds (gneiss) are some-
times quite remarkable in their size, beauty of crystallization, and
number.^^ *
Zircon. — Nicols, writing about the middle of the seventeenth century
concerning zircon, stated that they are found in Ethiopia, India, and
Arabia. The Arabs distinguish three kinds 1, Rubri coloris ; 2,
‘The theoretical composition of pure mangaDese-iron garnet is given by Mr.
Bauerman as follows (Text-Book of Mineralogy, Vol. 11, p. 188)
SiOb
MnO
100*00
. 82*65
. 88‘83
. 38*68
* Memoirs, G. 8. 1., Vol. V, p. 167.
» Records, O. S. 1., Vol. VII, p. 34.
* Memoirs, G. S. I., Vol. XVI. p. 134.
92
GEOLOGY OF IKDIA— ZIRCON.
[Part IV.
Citrini ooloris ; 3, Antimonii colons. Of these the worst is found in
the liver Isera^ which is upon the confines of Silesia and Bohemia.
The best and most excellent ones are brought from Cananor, Calicut^
and Cambia.^^ ^ Gambia is doubtless Cambay (spelled Cambaya by
Tavernier^ 1684) which then^ as now, was famed for its lapidaries,
the stones they cut, however, being obtained from various parts of India,
and abroad.*
Zircon is said to occur in the alluvium at Ellora,^^ * and Count de
Boumon describes a parcel of corundum received from the same district,
as being mixed with crystals of zircon. ** These crystals, which were in
perfect condition, deserve to be mentioned, not only on account of their
size, but also on account of the great number of varieties and rare forms
they exhibit. Such, for instance, is the primitive very obtuse octahe-
dron, which is in large crystals, with sides of more than six lines in
length. * * * The most usual colour of these crystals of zircon is a
brown, which sometimes inclines to yellow : they often, however, have
that fine yellowish-red colour which causes this stone to be distinguished
by the name of hyacinth.^^ The angles given by the author show that
the primitive octahedron spoken of is the same as that taken as P. in
move recent works.
The same author also observed minute yellowish-red or orange
crystals, which he believed to be zircon, in the matrix of corundum^
(from the Salem district?, vide p. 46).
In the bed of a nullah, which crosses the Ungool and Cuttack road
near Rasul (86 miles west-north-west of Cuttack) "a granite- vein
occurs, containing good crystals of zircon much resembling the Arendal
variety ^ Besides a specimen from the above locality, there is also one
in the museum from Hindol, 8 miles west of Rasul. The latter is also
in granite, and shows the faces ooPc». ooP.P. Pcx). mPm.
Crystals of hyacinth, which are quadrangular prisms, terminated
by quadrilateral pyramids,^^ liave been observed in the granite of
Kedarnatb, at the head-waters of the Ganges. They are not very com-
mon, and do not exceed the twentieth of an inch across.*
Zircon has been also found in granite-veins near Cherrapoonjee, in
the Kbasi hills.^
De Bournon remarks that the primitive octahedron is &und both
^ Ab quoted by Mr. Streeter (Precious Stones and Gems, p. 311). The original work is
not accessible to the present writer.
» Pt. Ill, p. 507.
> T. Newbold : Jour. Boy. As. Soc., Vol. VIII, p. 156.
* Phil. Trans., 1802, p. 298.
6 W. T. Blanfqrd : Memoirs, G. S. I., Vol. I, p. 87.
* J. D. Herbert : Jour. As. Soc., Bengal, Vol. XI. p. li.
" T. Oldham : Memoirs, G. S. I., Vol. I, p. 111.
Mineralogy.] BPIDOTE. 93
in large crystals (of zircon) " of a yellowish-brown^ from the peninsula
of India, and in small red crystals from Pegu/^ ^ The latter probably
came originally from Upper Burma. Tavernier mentions jacinth s^^ as
amongst the stones found in the ruby mines of Burma (the kingdom of
Pegu as he puts it),‘ and Dr. Romanis has recently found zircon in
crude stream gold from the sand of the Meza river, a western affluent
which joins the Ira wadi about 139 miles above Mandalay.’
Idocrase is said to occur in syenite at Dodabetta, in the Nilgiri hills.^
and is mentioned by Mr. Ball as amongst the minerals found in the
metamorpbic rocks of Man bbum.®
Amongst a number of specimens, sent for determination by the Politi-
cal Agent of Haraoti and Tonk about a year ago, were some pieces of
egeran from a quarry at Jaola, 8 miles north-east of Tonk. Further
enquiry led to the discovery of the same mineral, and in much better
specimens, at the Rer quarry, on the northern side of the Chattarbhaj
hills, near the Bands river (a few miles north-east of Tonk). These
are now in the museum. The mineral is considerably lighter in colour
than that from Norway, and has a sub-columnar structure of an
irregular kind (not in one, but in various directions). Associated with
it are quartz and calcite, the rock in which the mineral occurs being
transition.
Epidote is of common occurrence in the crystalline, especially in the
gneissose, hortiblendic and granitoid rocks of India. It is found some-
times as a constituent of the rock, either in association with, or replacing,
hornblende ; in other cases in veins through it ; and more rarely occurs
in the form of beds of epidosite. The mineral is also met with in some
granitic and trappean rocks. In the Bellary district, for instance (to
quote one example out of many), * **the most remarkable accessory
mineral in this (finer-grained) part of the gneiss is pistacite, whicli
occurs very largely in veinlets and in films lining the sides of planes of
jointing. It is common, too, in grains in the mass of the rock. Where
the rock is much weathered, as it often is, the country is thickly strewn
with fragments showing brilliantly yellow-green pistacite, contrasting in a
very pleasing way with the red or bright-pink felspar. This pistacite is
specially characteristic of the granite gneiss at and around Maddikeri, a
few miles north-east of the Guntakul railway junction. Much pistacite
in films occurs also on the joint planes in blocks of diorite in the great trap
* Catalogue de la Collection Mineral ogique du Comte de Boumon, faitespar lui-mdme,
1813. p. 26.
« Page 40.
8 Page 2 : Chemical News, Dec. 3rd, 1886, p. 278.
^ H. Congreve : Madras Jour. Lit. & Sei., Vol. XXll^ p. 248.
^ Memoirs, Q. S. I., Vol. XVlll, p. 103.
94
OBOLOQT OF INOU-JADBITE.
CFMIV,
dy^ cf this r^ion."* . . . '* la the rocky bilk lying wart of Gooty
the gimnite gneiae, and farther sooth tiie banded homblendio gneiss, is
grettly out np by red pistaoite g^ranite in very irregalar vdos of all sines.
The granite is a ternary rook consisting of white quarts, red or pink
orthoclase, and biight*green pistaoite. As illostratiTe of the occarrence
of epidote in sabordinate beds, as wdl as in veins, and idso, perhaps, as a
constituent, the gfndss of South Mirzapur may be quoted.*
Epidote is mentioned by De Boumon as one of the minai-ftla
occurring in the matrix of the corundum of the Carnatic.* It is met
with in small irregular masses and also in crystals, some brownish- or
yellowish-green and nearly opaque, others translucent or nearly trans-
parent, and of "a beautiful topaz yellow, which sometimes inclines
slightly to green.” * The following analyses are given by Chenevix,'
which, however, can scarcely, perhaps, be accepted as accurate beyond
question. The proportion of silica is higher, and that of lime lower, than
in most analyses of epidote of a more recent date. The peroxide of iron
is doubtless meant.
Crystals with rough
surface.
Striated
crystals.
Transparent yellow
fragments.
Silica
•
•
45
4(K>
42*0
Alnmina .
•
e
•
28
25*0
25*5
Iron
•
.
11
11*5
14*0
Lime •
•
•
•
15
21*5
16*0
99
980
97*5
SBBB
■BSu
Along with the specimens of egeran, noticed above,^ some fine pieces
epidote, from ELaraola, 6 miles east-north-east of Tonk, were sent. The
mineral, of a deep-green colour, occurs in a crystalline massive form, with
large cleavage planes here and there. The best specimen weighs 6Ib
and is solid epidote, without admixture of other minerals.
Jadeite. — A stone, known in commerce as jade, is extensively
worked in the Mogoung district of Upper Burma. According to Dr.
Anderson, the mines, or rather pits, are in a valley 95 miles to the south-
west of Meinkhoom, as many as 1,000 men being engaged in digging
during certain seasons of the year. ** The stone is found in the form of
more or less rounded boulders, associated with others of quartz, &c., im-
bedded in a reddish-yellow coloured clay. The pits are not dug after
> R. B. Foote : Records, G. S. 1., Vol. XIX, p. 100.
* R. B. Foote : Records, G. 8, 1., Vol. XIX, p. 107; see also Vol. XVill, pp. 15, 29.
« md., VoL V, p. 18.
« Page 46.
» Phil. Trans., 1802, p. 291.
* Ibid, p. 385.
7 Page 93.
AXINITE.
95
MinenJogyJ
any particular pla&i and none exceed 20 fwt in depth. They ocour all
over the valley and at the base of the hill. The masses wUch aie re-
moved are of considerable size^ and I saw some in the godown of a mer-
chant at Rangoon so large that they required three men to turn them.^^^
Mr. Theobald writes that a block, considerably under a cubic yard, was
some years since^ in Rangoon, valued at £10,000, but found no buyers,
though it is said £8,000 were ofEered by the Chinese for it
There are at present three specimens of Burmese 'jade' in the
museum
(1) A block weighing which was sent originally to the
museum, by the local Burma committee, for transmission, as
a sample of Burmese jade, to the Vienna exhibition of 1873.
It was subsequently returned to Calcutta. The stone possesses
a sub-crystalline texture, and is mottled in colour, some parts
being white, others bright apple-green. Before the blow-
pipe it fuses easily and quietly (without intumescence). H.
= 0*76. Sp. gr. = 8‘24. The block alluded to by Mr.
Theobald was similar in colour to this.
(2) A specimen from Mogoung, presented by Colonel Phayre,
formerly chief commissioner of Burma. Crystalline tex-
ture. Colour, fusibility, and hardness similar to that of
No. 1. Sp. gr. = 3*38.
(3) A specimen presented by Captain Hannay, from Burma (and
presumably, like No. 1, from Mogoung, as no other mines
in Burma are mentioned by Dr. Anderson). Granular, or
finely-crystalline texture, nearly homogeneous or very slight-
ly mottled greenish-gray colour. Fusibility and hardness
like that of No. 1. Sp. gr. = 8*34.
That all three specimens are jadeite is shown by the specific gpravity,
fusibility, texture, hardness, and colour.
Dr. Anderson states that the greater portion of the Mogoung stone
was formerly exported to Momien, in Yunan, and that a considerable
amount still goes there. It is possible, therefore, that the specimens of
jadeite from China, of which analyses have been published, were origin-
ally obtained in Burma. It appears, however, that there are 'jade'
mines in Yunan also, as well as in other provinces of China.^
Azinite was discovered, by Mr. Griesbach, 7 miles west of K4ndah£r,
and about H south-east of Kokoran, on the top of the ridge which ex-
tends from the Kandahar range in a north-easterly direction. He de-
* Expedition to WeBtern Tnnan, p. 66.
^ Natural Productions of Burma, 2nd edit., p. 14.
I £. Fumpelly : SmithBonian Contributions, No, 202, 1866, p. 116.
96
GBOLOOT OF INDIA-^MUSCOVITE.
[Partly.
acribes the mineral as oocurring in yeins^ ap to two feet in thickness, in
hippuritic limestone, which has been greatly altered by trappean and
eyenitic intrusions. Most of Mr. Griesbach’s geological specimens were
lost during the looting of the cantonments after the battle of Maiwaud,
and amongst those recovered there is but one of the axinite. In this
the mineral is crystalline massive, and in small indistinct crystals : it has a
very pale pink and pinkish- white colour ; and contains some calcite inter*
mixed.
Some years ago a specimen was sent to the museum, for determina-
tion, by a firm of jewellers in Calcutta, who wrote that it had been sent
to them from Kashmir, where they believed the mineral (which proved
to be purple-brown granular and crystallized axinite) was found in con-
siderable quantities. No further information has been obtained.
Fhlog^pite.— Large masses of bronze-coloured mica, in plates of some
size, have l^en found in dolomite, with serpentine, in the Bichi river, a
stream which falls into the Kehr, near Singrauli, in South Mirzapur.
The mica has not been analysed, but, from the rock in which it
occurs, its colour, and the character of the rings shown with con-
vergent polarised light, there is every reason to suppose that it is phlo-
gopite.'
Biotite. — Dark brown or black (sometimes dark green) mica is a
common constituent of the metamorphic and granitic rocks in many parts
of India. In some cases it is the principal mica; in others it is sub-
ordinate to muscovite. As no analyses, however, have been made, it is
doubtful how much of such dark-coloured mica should be referred to bio-
tite.
Very large crystals of dark brown (apparently) uniaxial mica am
sometimes met with in the granite of Northern Hazaribagh, where they
occur with still larger ones of muscovite. There is a portion of a crystal
of the former kind, weighing about lOlB, now in the museum, which was
obtained, by the writer, from an old mica quarry about a mile north of
Gumji. ** Splendid crystals of orthoclase and biotite are said, by Dr.
Stoliczka, to occur, in porphyritic gneiss, in the Sanju valley, some 90
miles west of Khotan * ; but the writer probably judged of the mica by
colour only.
Muscovite is widely diffused as a constituent of the metamorphic
and granitic rocks of India. Plates of considerable size are found in
several parts of the empire.
Thus plates nearly a foot in length are found in some of the granite
veins of Mysore, and furnish mica for painting on.’ In some parts of
* F. K. Mallet ; Records, G. 8. 1., Vol. V, p. 20.
2 Records, G. 8. I., Vol. VII, p. 40.
* Mysore and Goorg Gazetteer, Vol. 1, p. 20,
Mineralogy.]
MUSCOVITE.
97
the Western Ohdts^ and on the table-lands to the east/^ mica is found
^^in plates large enough for windows and lantems.^^^ Mr. Brough
Smyth mentions *^larg^ platefi^' as occurring in some of the quartz veins
traversing the metamorphic rocks of the Wynaad.^
In parts of Rajputfina^ according to Dr. Irvine, very large tables
of talc can be extracted.^^ ^ There are plates up to 5 or 6 inches
across in the museum, some of them of fair quality, from several loca-
lities in the Chattarbhaj hills, north-east of Tonk ; and a plate measuring
10^x5^ inches, from the Jaipur territory, was sent to the Colonial and
Indian Exhibition of 1886. The quality was inferior to that of fair
Hazaribagh mica.
The granite veins at Wangtu bridge, on the Sutlej, in the Punjab
Himalayas, include crystals of mica, some of which are 5 or 6 inches
across.^ A fine specimen of mica in large plates,^^ from the Gurgaon
district, was exhibited at the Lahore Exhibition of 1864.^
In the northern part of the Haz&ribagh district, both metamorphic
and transition rocks, but especially the latter, are penetrated by innumer-
able dykes and veins, as well as larger masses, of schorl-bearing granite.
The rock is generally coarse in texture, and often highly so, containing
large masses of quartz and felspar, crystals of tourmaline several inches
across, and plates of muscovite up to a foot in diameter or more. The
writer has seen plates (some of which are now in the museum collections)
measuring 20 inches x 17 and 22x15, while he was informed by the
miners that considerably larger ones are sometimes obtained. The un-
altered mica generally has a smoke-brown, or reddish-brown, colour in
plates of moderate thickness, and is highly transparent (ruby mica of
commerce). Occasionally it is pale or olive green,®
Similar mica is found in portions of the Gya and Monghyr districts,
bordering on Hazaribagh.
The following analyses of a clear, slightly greenish-coloured, plate of
potash mica from Bengal, and of “ a perfectly transparent, slightly
greenish-coloured potash mica, large plates of which are sent commercially
from the East Indies, are respectively due to S. Blau and L. Sipiicz.’'
It is almost certain that the first analysis, and probable that the second,
is of mica from Hazarib&gh or that neighbourhood, as all the mica ex-
* T. Newbold: Jour. Roy. As. Soc., Vol. VIII, p. 164.
* Report on Gold Mines of S.-B. Wynaad, pp. 6, 6, 37.
^ Topography of Ajmere, p. 165. By talc mica is meant.
* F. B. Mallet : Memoirs, G. S. I., Vol. V, p. 169,
* B. Powell ; Punjab Products, Vol. I, p. 42.
* F. R. Mallet : Records, G. S. I., Vol. VII, p. 40.
^ Mineralogische Mittlieilungen, 1873, p. 31.
98
GEOLOGY OF INDIA— LEPIDOLITE.
[PWt IV.
d from Bengal, and by far the largest proportion
India, is obtained there.
Bengal.
Sp« gr.s2’831
of that exported
East Indies.
Bp. fr.=2 WO
Floorine
•
•16
•12
Silica .
•
•
. 46*57
45-71
Alumina
a
. 86-72
36*57
Ferric oxide .
*95
1-19
Ferrous oxide
1*28
1-07
Magnesia
-88
•71
Lime .
*21
•46
Lithia
•19
...
Soda .
-62
•79
Potash
8*81
9*22
Water
•
5-05
99*93
4*83
100*67
Greenish-gray^ plumose^ scaly mica is not uncommon in the Haz&ri-
h%h granite^ and remarkably fine specimens are obtainable in some
places^ as in the Sakri river^ 2 or 3 miles south of Oawan.^
The component minerals of a gneiss from Mfinbhum, composed of
white milky oligoclase and white margaroditci in a matrix of ordinary
quartz, have been examined by Mr. M. Ormsby. The mica yielded * —
Silica
Alumina
Ferric oxide
Lime .
Magnesia
Potasli
Soda .
Water
45*60
81-24
6-40
-24
-84
10*44
100
3-60
99*36
Lepidolite has been found in the granite of Hazfiribagh, noticed
above under muscovite. Although not widely distributed, the mineral
exists in considerable quantity in some places. Half a mile south-west
of Pihira (lat. 24® 38', long. 85® 51') there is a dyke, in some parts of
which the granite is composed of white felspar, quartz, and irregular
masses of lepidolite, occurring as a scaly aggregate, and varying in
colour from violet-red to grayish violet. In other parts, the rock passes
into greisen^ composed of granular quartz with lead-gray and violet-gray
lepidolite. Small black grains and crystals of tinstone are occasionally
discernible in both varieties.
* Records, G. S. I.. Vol. VII, p. 40.
* M. S. S. ; Memoirs, G. S. I., Vol. XVlIl, p. 105.
INDIANITE.
Mioefalogjr.I
99
Lepidolite is also met with in a dyke a little south-east of the above
locality ; just north of Bhuladi (8 miles north-north-west of Pihira) ; and
about a mile south of Manimundar miles south-east of Pihira)^
where the sides of a hillock are strewn with blocks^ one of which was
estimated to weigh about 8 cwt.^
The alkaline ingredients of the lead-gray lepidolite, from the greisen at
Pihira, have been estimated with great care by Mr, M. Page, in the labora-
tory of the University of Virginia.* The analysis of 102 grammes gave—
Potash 8-595
Lithia 1*754
Soda . .......... *609
Rnbidtum oxide *070
A doubtful trace of caesium was recorded as the result of spectroscopic
observation, but no thallium was found.
Lapis Lazuli. — Found in Badakshan, and said to occur in Afghanis-
tan and Biluchistfin, but not known, with certainty, to occur in India.
(Pt. Ill, p. 528.)
Indianite. — This granular form of anorthite was originally described
by Count de Bournon, in 1802, as forming the matrix of corundum from
the Carnatic.* Most, at least, of the specimens which passed through bis
hands were obtained in the Salem district, and as he does not specially
mention any other locality in India, it may perhaps be inferred that they
were all from that district. The greater portion of them was collected
by M. Leschenault. The name ^ indianite ^ was given by De Bournon in
1817, and, as pointed out by Dana, has priority over the term ' anorthite,'
which was not proposed till 1823.
According to the author's description, the Carnatic indianite is some-
times in masses of a loose and granulated texture, with very coarse
grains, and pretty much resembles a coarse sandstone ; at other times
it has a closer texture, the grains being nearer each other, and less dis-
tinct, so as either to give it an appearance similar to the kind of
marble known by the name of coauc’-grauied saline marble^ or to that
kind of prehnite which is composed of a mass of crystals confusedly
aggregated. In this matrix the crystals of imperfect corundum ^ are
dispersed in the same manner as those of felspar are dispersed in por-
phyry, or rather in certain granites which, besides the aggregated con-
stituent parts belonging to that kind of rock, also contain crystals of
’ F. B. Mallet : Records, G. S. I., Vol. VII, p. 43.
^ Chemical Nows, 7th Sept. 1883, p. 109.
• Page 46.
* By imperfect eorundum the author means corundum as dbtingubhed from ruby
sapphire, &c.
loo GEOLOGY OF INDIA— IN DlANITE. [Part I?.
felspar which are of a more or less considerable size, and of a perfectly
determined form.
When this substance is of that texture in which the grains are closely
connected together, it is of pearly gray colour, sometimes slightly tinged
with green, and has a degree of semi-transparency, not unlike that of
chalcedony. If a piece of this kind is moved about in a strong light, its
surface shows a considerable number of small brilliant particles. This
appearance arises from the reflection of the light, by the small laminae
that are exposed, in consequence of the fracture of the grains of which
the stone consists ; and this circumstance proves that it has a laminated
texture. * * * This substance is more usually met with in pieces
of a coarser texture, in which the grains are often pretty large, so as to
be easily distinguishable by the naked eye. When these pieces arc in a
perfect state, the grains have exactly the same colour, and the same degree
of semi-transparency, as those of the preceding more compact kind. It
examined with a lens, the laminated texture of these grains is very evi-
dent; and there seems to be, at the first view, a very distinct crystal in
each of them. But, if we endeavour to determine the form of any one of
these crystals, we find that it is absolutely impossible to do so, as the
greatest part of the small facets we perceive are nothing more than facets
formed by compression. I thought, indeed, that I could distinguish some
traces that indicated an obtuse rhomboid, but not in such a manner as to
permit me to state the fact with certainty. These grains have but a
weak degree of adherence to each other, in consequence of which the stone
may often be broken by a very slight efEort.^^
Some specimens were met with in which the indianite was very fine
grained and almost compact. Again, it has been observed coarsely gra-
nular, and associated with black mica, quartz, and garnet, forming “ a true
indianite gneiss.^ In another gneissose variety the mica was replaced
by hornblende.
The mineral scratches glass, but is scratched by felspar. Sp. gr. =
2*742. Does not become electric by friction. Colour usually grayish-
white, hut sometimes ash-gray, reddish-gray, or white ; or, when coloured
by intermixed hornblende, pale straw-yellow, greenish-yellow, or dark
brown. Transparency doubtful, and generally, in the rock, little or none.^
Lustre very slight. When struck with force emits a bluish-white phos-
phorescent light. Infusible before the blowpipe. When the mineral is
quite unaltered, acids have no action on it, but when partly decomposed,
which is frequently the case superficially, or when long exposed to the
atmosphere, it effervesces more oir less when placed in nitric acid.* On
’ This does not agree with tiio preceding remarks.
* ITiil. Trans., 1802, p. 282 ; Observations sur (|UolfiueB-un6 des mim'rauJ, soil de I’Uv
de Ceylan, soil de la cote dt Curouiandel* p. 2’d.
Mineralogy.}
OLiaOCLASE.
101
comparing the above description with that given below by Brush, it will
be seen that they do not agree with reference to the action of acids, and
the hardness of the mineral.
All the specimens of indianite received by De Boumon from India
were in the granular form. The small crystals described by him ^ were
in specimens obtained 3 miles north of Colombo. It is unnecessary to
quote his remarks concerning these, as the primitive form he ascribes to
them is manifestly incorrect. Brooke * observed two cleavages making
angles with each other of 95° 15' and 84° 45'. More modern works give
these angles for anorthite (0PAc»Poo) as 94® 10' and 85° 50'.
The following analysis have been made of indianite »
CheneTix.3
Laufrier^
Laufrier*
Brushg^
(Hed).
(White).
Oxygen.
Silica
. 42‘5
4200
43*0
42*09
« 21*869-^4
Alumina .
. 37*5
3400
34*5 1
38*89
« 17*160= 3
Ferric oxide
, 30
3*20
1-0 1
Lime
. 160
1500
15*6
15*78^
= 6 592=1
Soda . .
• •
3-35
2*6
4*083
Water ,
1-00
1*0
...
980
98*55
97*7
100*84
The specimen analysed by Brush is described as granular, and of a
pink colour, sometimes gray or blackish, very tough and hard. Hardness
= 7 — 7’25. Gravity = 2’668. It gelatinized completely in cold hydro-
chloric acid. Before the blowpipe alone infusible.'^
Captain Newbold says that indianite occurs sparingly with corun-
dum, fibrolite, and garnet, in gneiss and hornblende schist, in the valley
of the Cauvery.^^® Whether the author alludes to the Salem district,
where most of De Bournon^s specimens were obtained, is uncertain.
Labradorite. — In how far the plagioclastic felspars of the eruptive
(and metamorphic ?) rocks of India should be referred to this mineral, is
a point which has not been determined.
Oligoclase. — One of the most remarkable features in the geology of
the North-West Himalayos is the ^‘granitic axis, so persistent along the
main range. To the east in Sikkim, and in the north-west, from the
frontier of Nepal to Kulu, wherever examined, coarse white granite has
been found in profusion along the line of peaks, near the present edge of
the sedimentary basin of Tibet. It occurs in veins and dykes of every
> Observations sur quelques-uns des mineraux, &c., p. 21.
9 Phillip’s Mineralogy, 3rd edit. 1823, p. 44.
8 Phil. Trans. 1802, p. 334i.
Mem. Mus. d’Hist. Nat., VII, 341 (as quoted in Dana’s Mineralogy, p. 339. The
present writer has not access to the original paper).
8 Amer. Jour. Sci., 2nd Ser., Vol. VIII, p. 891.
• Jour. Boy. As. Soo., Vol. VIII, p. 163.
102 GEOLOGY OF iNDIA-OLlGOCLASE, [Part IV.
me, sometimes fonning the massive oore> up to the summit of the
highest mountains.^^ ^
At Wangtu^ on the Sutlej, from which the only sample of the felspar
yet analysed was brought, the felspar is cleavable-massive, with twinning
striations sometimes visible on the basal cleavage planes. The colour is
milk-white, the mineral being translucent in moderately thin fragments.
In general appearance it is somewhat like the cleavable-massive olig^
clase from Ytterby, in Sweden, specimens of which are to be found in
most mineral collections, but it differs from the latter in that striations
are of comparatively rare occurrence.
Striated fragments afforded ’ —
Silica ....
. 61*40
Oxygon
ratio.
8*90
Alumina ....
. 23 48^
•83 >
3*04
Ferric oxide
Lime . ....
. 3 23 ^
Magnesia ....
•08 (
1*00
Soda • ....
. 10 07 1
Potash • • . .
•75 )
»
—1
99-84
giving, therefore, the oxygen ratio for oligoclase *(9:8:1).
In how far the felspar of the above-mentioned granite, generally, is
oligoclase, is not known. It appears from Colonel McMahon^s micro-
scopic examination of the Wangtu granite that, even there, "ortho-
clase and microcline taken together, equal, or nearly equal, the plagio-
clase.^^ *
The felspar of a variety of gneiss occurring in Manbhum ® has been
examined by Mr. M. Ormsby. The mineral is described as slightly
translucent, with a milky appearance, and without any visible strise.
On analysis it yielded —
Oiyir«n ratio.
Silica
,
,
64-20
1004
Alumina
•
.
22*84
3-24
Lime
Magnmia
Seda
Potash
•
•
3*13')
trace f
8*72 C
•84.;
100
9973
giTing an oxygen ratio approximating to that of oligoclase. Mr.
Ormsby remarks on the unosual character of this gneiss in which the
’ H. B. Medlioott : Pt. II, p 629.
a F. R. Mallet : Recordfi, G. S. I., Vol. XIV, p. 238.
< The Wangtu felspar has been erroneously described as albite in the Memoirs, Q. S. I.,
Vol. V, pp. 12 and 169.
* Records, G. 8. 1., Vol. XVII, p. 58.
» Fide page 98.
ALBITE.
103
Mmeralogy.]
above is the ehief felspathic component.^ The gneiss in many parts of
India contains two felspars^ the most abundant of which, however, is
orthoclase. It generally occurs in larger crystals than the other^ and
is very frequently pink or red in colour, although sometimes white. The
subordinate felspar is not a constant ingredient ; it is always, as far as
the writer^s experience goes, white in colour, weathering with a dull
opaque surface, from superficial alteration into kaolin, and on such
altered face it is markedly different in appearance from the orthoclase,
which weathers far less readily. The subordinate felspar often shows the
strifle characteristic of plagioclase, but the only analysis that has been
made gives an oxygen ratio intermediate between that of oligoclase and
that of albite,*
Albite. — Twin crystals of glassy shining albite, with a vitreous
lustre,^^ are said to occur, with quartz, mica, &c., in a porphyry having
a paste of granular white opaque albite, from the Kaj Nag mountain,
west of JBaramula, in Kashmir. The crystals are sometimes as much as
five inches long.*
According to Captain Newbold, albite, or cleavelan^te, occurs
pretty abundantly in the gneiss of the Eastern ghats above Bezwara,
north of the Kistna, at Paddioor in Coimbatore, and occasionally
through the gneiss districts of Southern India.'^ *
The same author, in describing the old beryl mine at Paddioor,
remarks that the dyke, in which the mineral occurs, is composed of a
highly crystalline porphyritic granite, the component minerals of which
are generally beautifully characteristic and distinct. The quartz is some-
times regularly c];ystallized, but usually in amorphous translucent masses,
imbedded in large tabular crystals of pale rose-coloured felspar, with
cleavelandite, garnet, and white, black, and bottle-green mica. * * *
The crystals of cleavelandite were remarkably fine, and characteristic of
this beautiful variety of felspar. The various minerals composing this
bed pass from the porphyritic structure into a curiously fibrous arrange-
ment; the quartz, felspar, and cleavelandite occurring in alternate pris-
matic laminsB. * ♦ ♦ The felspar and cleavelandite is both white and
translucent, and opaque and reddish. * * * The cleavelandite often
occurs in large masses, with small cavities, partly formed by the decom-
position of the rock, and partly by the intersection of the longer and
more distinct crystals of the cleavelandite ; it is in this gangue, and in
these cavities, that the beryl, or aquamarine, is almost invariably found,
in long deeply-striated hexahedral prisms, with small crystals of
quartz.^^ *
* MSS ; Memoirs, G. S. I., Vol. XYIll, p. 44.
■ Records, G. 8. I., Vol. V, p. 19,
• A. Verchire : Jour. As. Soc., Bengal, Vol. XXXV, Pt. II, pp. 100, 101.
• * Jour. Roy. As. Soo., Vol. VIII, p. 154.
^ Madras Jour. Lit. and Sci., Vol. XII, p. 173.
104
OROLOGY OF IKDIA-ORTHOCLASE.
[Part IV.
Neither author mentions how the species of the felspar was deter-
mined. As shown in the sequel^^ the felspar of the Bezv&da gneiss is
murchisonite, not cleavelandite ; hence Captain Newbold^s remarks on
Baddioor, Stc., also, must be received with some caution. T]^ere are, how-
ever, two specimens of white, translucent, lamellar, triclinic (striated)
felspar in the museum labelled cleavelandite, India,^^ which agree in some
respects with the mineral of Faddioor, as described by him, and they
taajr be from that locality.
Orthociase. — As a constituent of the gneissose and granitic rocks
of India, orthociase is a very widely diffused mineral, and occurs in great
abundance in many places. The largest masses and crystals are found
in some of the granitic rocks, and in the pegmatite veins (in many cases
of segregitic origin) which traverse some of the metamorphic, especially
the gneissose, rocks. In the Trichinopoly district, for instance, crystals,
4 or 5 inches in diameter, have been observed in one granite vein, while
in another, crystals of immense size, sometimes as much as 2 feet x 2^,
occur, and in a third there are still larger ones.’ Large masses of ortho-
ciase, with cleavage planes sometimes a foot long, are met with in some
parts of toe Hazarib^gh granite, from which the muscovite previously
noticed is obtained. The above are merely given as cases in point, out
of many that might be quoted.
Orthociase crystals, from the porphyritic granitic gneiss of Man-
bhuin have been analysed by Mr. Ormsby, with the following result®
Oxygen ratio.
Silica .
,
. 65*04
11*43
Alumina
,
. 19*60
8*01
Lime .
•89)
Magnesia
,
. trace {
1*00
Potash
. 12 60C
Soda .
. 2*48;
100-61
It has been remarked, by Mr. Bose, that orthociase is of uncommon
occurrence in the basic flows of the Deccan trap, and that it forms a
normal constituent of certain trachytic rocks only.*
Of the rarer kinds of orthociase ; —
Aixdaria is said to occur, with asbestiform tremolite, and magnetite, in
veins, through mica-scliist or gneiss at Adepuram, in the Nellore District.*
* Page 105.
‘ W. King anil E. B. Foote : Memoirs, Q. S, L, Vol. IV, p. 886.
» litd., Vol. XVIII. pp. 95, 104.
* ZW, G. S. I.. Vol. XXI, p. 62.
^ T. Newbold: Madras Jour. Lit. and Sci.. Vol. Xll, p. 28'; Jour. Roy. As. Soc., Yol,
VIII, p. 164.
Mineralogy.] IfUBGHlSONlTE. 105
The mineral is also stated to exist in considerable quantities in the dis-
trict of Bangalore.^ Adularia felspar/^ some crystals of which are 6
or 8 inches in lengthy has been found in a granite vein near Samidi
in Cuttack.*^ According to Dr. Irvine, glassy felspar is common (in
R&jputana) : large mass of it protrudes through the ground| opposite
the Dowlutbagh^ on the road to the Anasagur bund/^ at Ajmere.^
Adularia^ perhaps^ is meant. Mr. Hardie^ again^ mentions veins of
felspar^ or rather adularia^ with a beautiful pearly lustre traversing
granite near Bunera, in Meywar.^ Near Biana, the same mineral is
founds according to the same writer^ in conglomerate^ as previously noticed
under chalcedony,®
Amazonstone . — See microcline,®
MurcAisonite. — From Bezvada^ on the Kistna, north-eastwards, and
aoain in the Godavari and Vizagapatam districts, a peculiar form of
gneiss has been traced, by Dr. King, which is characterized by the
frequency of garnet as a constituent, and by the felspar being generally
murchisonite. The rock is described, by Dr, King, as " generally of a
dark brownish-red colour, and composed mainly of a bright, lustrous,
well-cleaved, and occasionally foliated red felspar. It ft rough and
granular, but well foliated, or more or less schistose, or even fibrous and
then somewhat silky, though it is never quite a schist ; or again, toler-
ably massive. Sometimes the felspar predominates to such an extent
that there are seams, and even thick beds, of what might be called a
felspar rock, the m irehisonite being then massive and granular. At
other times the rock is more like a granite, with the felspar in largish
crystalline masses ; but usually when granitoid it is a coarse granular
aggregate of felspar, less quartz, and a little mica. Garnets are very
frequently distributed through it, often to such an extent that it may be
called a garnetiferous gneiss, as at Bezvada, where the rock is often
crowded with small crystals of bright red and purple colours, which are
only wanting in size to render them beautiful and valuable stones. Here
also, and in the Augurpali country, there is a good deal of graphite thinly
scattered through the rock, giving at times graphite schists, or massive
graphitic rock with graphite in minute scales.
^^The felspar is generally reddish or of a pale salmon-colour, weather-
ing lighter, but it is frequently of a decided red, even rosy red, and then,
on well-worn and smoothed surfaces it has somewhat the look of rhodon-
1 Mysore and Coorg Gazetteer, Vol. 11, p. 3.
3 W. T. Blanford : Memoirs, G. 6. 1., Vol. 1, p. 87.
3 Topography of Ajmere, p. 168.
* Edin. New Phil, Jour., Vol. Vll, 1829, p. 121.
* Pago 71.
« Page 107.
106
GEOLOGY OF INDIA^HUNTEBITE.
[Part IV.
while it has nearly always a fine pearly silvery or bright bronze
sheen.^' ^ Seams of almost pure white murchisonite are occasionally
found in the gneiss.*
The specimens of murchisonite sent by Dr. King^ whic|| are now in
the museum^ have two cleavages at ri^t^angles to each other, on which
the lustre is vitreous and the colour rather dark red, and a third cleavage,
making an angle of about 104° with one of the above, and 90^, or nearly
80 , with the other. On this the lustre is strongly pearly, and the colour
very much lighter. Heated with gypsum and examined with the spec-
troscope, the mineral shows the potassium red line. It fuses at about 6.
Sp. Gr. = 2*55, H. = about 5. The inferiority of the hardness to that of
ordinary orthoclase is perhaps due, in part, to incipient decomposition,
but the translucency of the mineral in a direction parallel to the abnor-
mal cleavage seems to indicate that it is not altered to any consider-
able extent. The hardness of the original murchisonite from Dawlish, in
Devonshire, is described as rather less than that of felspar,'^ the
abnormal cleavage (which has a pearly lustre) making an angle of 106°
50' with the basal, and 90° with the clinodiagonal, cleavage.*
HunUrite . — Amongst a number of specimens collected near Nagpur,
by the Rev. Messrs, Hislop and Hunter, and examined by Dr. 8. Haugh-
ton,^ was one from a pegmatite vein, traversing gneiss at right angles to
the strike. It was obtained from a water-course between Mr. Hislop^s
house and the city. The components of the pegmatite were~
(1) Quartz of watery lustre.
(2) Hunterite . — White felspathic mineral of fatty lustre, softer
than felspar, but gritty under the agate pestle.
(3) Pink felspar, in large tabular crystals (1 inch by | inch), with
brilliant reflection.
The hunterite yielded on analysis : —
Silica
65*98
Atomic ratio.*
1465
Alumina
. sow
408
Lime . . . .
•301
32
Magnesia .
•
•46>
Loss on ignition
.
. 11*61
1890
99*26
Although the mineral presented no appearance of disintegration, its
> Memoirs, G. 8. 1., Vol. XVI, p. 207.
» Records, G. S. I., Vol. XIX, p. 161.
> Phil. Mag. Jan.-Jttne. 1827, p. 4i8 ; Jan.-Jane, 1887, p. 170.
* Phil. Mag., JaiL-Jane, 1859, p, 18 ; Jaii.*Jane, 1862, p. 60.
• Silica=:SiO,.
MICBOCLINE.
107
Minerak^.]
edges of sepantion from the pink felspar beinj; well defined^ Dr. Haugh-
ton recognised the possibility of its being altered orthoclase, but gave it
as his opinion that it was an original constituent of the pegmatite^ and
proposed the name hunterite for it^ as being a new mineral species.
he writes, we neglect the lime and magnesia^ it may be
regarded as having the following mineralogical formula : —
5 (AIO3, SSiOgH- 8HO) + (HO, SSiOg).!
being, in fact, composed of five atoms of a hydrated tersilicate of
alumina, combined with one atom of a hyaline silica of admitted com-
position. It appears to me to be a confirmation of this view of the
mineral, that in the gneiss that accompanies the granite of Nagpur, and
is often undistinguishable from it, this fatty felspar often passes into
yellow and pinkish opalescent minerals, with which evidently it has
the closest relation.^'
After suggesting an alternative formula, the author continues ; What-
ever view be adopted as to the rational formula of this mineral, it is
certain that part of its silica is in chemical combination with water ;
and if it be regarded as a metamorphic orthoclase, it is to be considered
as one from which only /^nds of the silica has been removed, and that
the potash has been chemically replaced by water.^^
Hicrocline. — Amazonstone, passing into reddish orthoclase, has been
found in a granite vein near the Trevellary Pagoda, in Trichinopoly.*
Microscopic sections cf it, as well as of amazonstone from the chord line
of the East Indian Railway, show very plainly, in polarised light, the
grating-like structure of microcHne. A felspar of a deep-green colour,
in appearance appro:Kimating to the beautiful variety called amazon-
stone,^" occurs at Dodabetta, in the Nilgiris. ® There is no specimen of
this available for examination. But few of the felspars noticed under
orthoclase have been examined very critically, and it is very likely
that some of them should be referred to microcline.
That microcline is of common occurrence in many of the granitic
rocks of India, may be inferred from the frequency with which it has
been obseived, by Colonel McMahon, in microscopic sections of such.
Thus microcline is described as abundant in the granite of Tushdm (about
80 miles west-north- west of Delhi), which also contains orthoclase and
plagioclase.^ Out of fifteen slices of gneissose granite,'^ from Dalhousie
in the Punjab Himalayas, eight contained typical microcline, and in some
» = 5 (2Ah08» + (2H A SSiO,).
* W. King and B. B. Foote : Memoirs, Q. 8. 1., Vol. IV, p. 886.
> H. Congreve : Madras Jour. Lit. and Soi., Vol. XXII, p. 249.
^ The author uses the term * plagioclase ' ae exclusive of miorocline. Records, G. S. I.,
Vol. XVII, pp. Ill, 112.
108
GEOLOGY OP INDIA-RUBELLITK.
[Part IV.
of them it was abundant. Orthoclase and plagioclase were also present.
In every slice in which t 3 rpical microcline occurs^ fibrous felspar is pre-
sent. It also occurs in three slices in which the typical mineral is ab-
sent. The fibrous appearance is only observable in polarised lights and
the felspar in which it occurs seems to me to be a form of microcline.
In some an incipient cross-hatching can be made out ; whilst in one, at
least, it is distinctly visible in parts of the fibrous structure. * * *
Many of the orthoclases and microclines contain the usual intergrowths
of plagioelase and occasionally grains of quartz. Some of the microcline
exhibits a tendency to inter-laminated structure resembling that of
perthite, only it is finer grained and less pronounced. The intergrowth
of felspar alluded to is quite distinct from the ordinary twinned struc-
ture.^^ ^ Microcline was also observed, although more sparingly, in similar
rocks from Chamba;^ in the gmnite of Wangtu on the Sutlej,^ where it
is abundant ; and of the Chor Mountain, south-east of Simla,* In all
cases it is associated with plagioelase and orthoclase. Microcline has also
been noticed, by the same writer, in a trappean rock from Rampur, on
the Sutlej.®
(c) Subsilicates.
Chondrodite occurs in white crystalline limestone at Mandalay hill
in Upper Burma, as previously noticed under spinel.® The mineral
has been found under exactly similar circumstances, at Ambasamoodrum,
in the Tinevelly district.^ There are specimens in the museum from
both localities, in which the chondrodite, of a slightly-brownish yellow
colour, is plentifully disseminated through the matrix.
Tourmaline. — RubelUte , — There are two magnificent specimens of
this mineral, from Upper Burma, in the British museum collection. One
of them was given by the king to Major Symes, when on an embassy
to Ava in 1795. It measures about 5" x 6^ x 6", and is described by
Count de Bournon as entirely composed of crystals placed by the side
of each other in a diverging form, or rather penetrating each other at
one of their extremities, and separating or diverging a little at the
other extremity. Every one of these crystals, most of which are as long
as the height of the specimen, is nearly as thick as the little finger.
Their form is ahexahedralprism, which is deeply striated, and terminated
’ Records, G. S. I., Vol. XVI, p. 130.
2 lUd., Vol. XVIII, p. 80
3 Ihid., Vol. XVII, p. 68.
* J^*(i.,p. 61.
^ IMd.. Vol. XIX, p. 73.
Page 51; Pt. 11, p. 708.
" Page 52.
TOUUMALINE.
109
Mineralogy.]
by a trihedral pyramid with rhombic planes^^ the angles of which measure
exactly the same as those of the corresponding pyramid in the common
tourmaline. All the crystals are pretty transparent, and terminate on
the top of the specimen by the forementioned pyramids, but at different
heights ; a circumstance that gives to the top also a trihedral pyramidal
form, but much less obtuse than that belonging to each crystal of which
it is composed. The greatest part of this specimen is of a pale purplish-
red, or flesh colour ; but towards the base this colour grows much more
deep, so that at last it becomes absolutely black/^ *
The other specimen, obtained from Ava, and presented by Mr.
Guthrie in 1869, measures about 8^ x3"x4i^ or 5^ high, and is a
mass of slightly convergent columnar crystals, which vary in diameter
up to about an inch, and are terminated by obtuse rhombohedrons,
with the basal plane on some. The colour is a deep crimson, and the
specimen, although smaller than Major Symes^ is a much finer one, on
account of its rich and uniform colour.
In De Bournon^s collection were specimens of flesh-red tourmaline
from Pegu^^^ (Upper Burma ?)•
AcIiroUe, — Specimens of this variety, from the same locality as the
rubellite, were included in the collection just mentioned. According to
Dr. Mason, “ An occasional crystal of white tourmaline is seen among
the crystals of the black variety, in specimens from the Shan States/^*
Indicolitey with green tourmaline, the latter being the more abundant,
occurs in the granite of two dykes, south-west of Pihira, in Hazdribagh,
These have been previously mentioned under lepidolite.® Some of the
crystals approach an inch in diameter. Most of the smaller ones traverse,
in a direction parallel to the cleavage, a silvery mica which is present as
well as the lepidolite j others penetrate the quartz. Some of them are
indigo-blue in the interior, and green externally. The mineral contains
lithia, as might be expected from its association with lepidolite.
Indicolite has also been observed in association with the sapphire of
Zanskar, as noticed below under brow n tourmaline.
Green tourmaline is said, by Captain Newbold, to occur in the gneiss
districts of Southern India, although not common. No localities are
given.® Needle-shaped crystals, of the same variety, are stated to have
been found in a granite dyke traversing gneiss, in the bed of the Cauvery
* An obtuse rhomboliedron.
3 Fbil. Trans., 1802, p. 317. The specimen was in Mr. Groville’s collection when de-
scribed as above.
> Catalogue dc la Collection Minoraloglque du Comte de Bournon, faites par lui-mdmo,
p.69.
♦ Natural Productions of Burma, ]>. 35.
• rage 1)8.
® Jour. Boy. As. Soc., Vol. VI 11, p. 151.
no
GEOLOGY OF INDIA— TOURMALINE.
[Ptet IV,
at Seringapatam.^ The mineral found at Pihira has been noticed under
indioolite. In De Bournon^s collection, together with the rubellite pre-
viously mentionedi and from the same locality, were specimens of green
tourmaline of different shades, including a fine emerald green.^’
Yellow and brown tourmaline, the collection just alluded to
were also yellowish tourmalines, from the same province as the rubellite.
The brown tourmaline, which is associated with the sapphire of Zdnskar,
has been noticed in connection with the latter.* There is a small trans-
parent crystal in the museum, which was implanted on the wall of a cavity
in the centre of a crystal of sapphire. It shows the faces cx>P2. ooR. R.,
and is light brown in colour, except at the termination, which is indigo-
blue.®
Schorl is extremely common in many of the granitic, metamorphic,
and transition rocks. In some cases it forms a constant constituent, not
merely an accidental mineral. Thus, the granite of Haziribagh ^ is a
quaternary compound in which the crystals of schorl occasionally exceed
6 inches in diameter. The most ordinary combination is ooP2. ooR.
terminated at one end by R.® and at the other by R. — 2R. The granite
which traverses the Arvali (transition) beds of Rajputana, in innumer-
able dykes, is a similar compound, in which schorl is seldom entirely
absent, and is usually very abundant.® Schorl is also plentiful in much
of the granite which penetrates the gneissose rocks of the Punjab ^ and
Sikkim® Himalayas, and is, further, a very common ingredient of the
gneiss itself. It is plentiful in the Arvali limestones of Rajputdna ; ®
in the metamorphic quartzites of the Chundi hills, in Nellore and fre-
quently occurs in the transition schists, as well as in the quartz veins
which traverse older rocks.
Allusion may here be made to the frequency with which tourmaline
occurs in association with corundum. It is found with the granular
corundum of South Rewah ; in talcose schist, containing crystallized
corundum, in Mysore and with the sapphires of Zanskar : whether
the red tourmaline of Burma is found in connection with the rubies, is
* Mysore and Coorg Gazetteer, Vol. I, p. 20.
* Page 41.
* Records, G. S. I., Vol. XV, p. 139.
« F. R. Mallet : Records, G. S. I., Vol. VII, p. A9.
6 R /\ R = 133° 8'.
* C. A. Racket: Records, Q. S. I., Vol. XIV, p. 283.
7 F. R. Mallet : Memoirs, G. 8. I., Vol, V, p. 171.
^ J. D. Hooker : Himalayan Journals, Vol. II, p. 27.
* C. A. Racket : Records, G. 6. 1., Vol. X, p. 86.
R. B. Foote; Memoirs, G. S. L, Vol. XVI, p. 16.
Page 48.
» T. Newbold : Jour. Roy. As. Soc., Vol. VII, p. 222.
M Page 41,
FIBEOLITE.
Ill
Mmerakgy.]
not yet known. The same aseociation has been noticed by Dr. J. L.
Smith with reference to the emery of Naxos, aod of Chester, in Mas-
sachusetts.^
The name tourmaline ^ is commonly said, and doubtless correctly,
to be derived from a Cingalese word ; but, as was pointed out by Mr. Prin-
sep more than fifty years ago, turmali is the name applied by the native
jewellers of Ceylon to zircon * — a fact which has also come within the
writer's experience, with reference to the zircons which have been de-
colourized by heat, and which are known in English as Ceylon or Matura
diamonds. There has evidently been some confusion between the two
minerals. Coloured tourmaline is said to occur in Ceylon as well as zir-
con, and if this be correct, it is possible that turmali is the name used for
both minerals by the natives, who may not clearly distinguish between
them. But it seems quite as likely that the word in question, which
according to Professor Dana was introduced into Holland in 1703, has
been misapplied by Europeans.
Andalasite has been met in the metamorphic rocks of Manbhum,^
and in the transition schists of South Mirzapur. Bather fine crystals
have been observed near Dudhi, in the latter district. The Arvali schists
of Bajputana are described by Mr. Hacket as containing crystals of
andalusite, staurolite, and garnet in abundance.^
ChiastoUte schist has been noticed, by Colonel McMahon, in the
Tush&m Hills, about 80 miles west-north-west from Delhi.^ The same
rock is described by Dr. Mason as occurring to the east of Tavoy,
in Tenasserim.®
FibroUte. — The name of this mineral is due to Count de Bournon, by
whom it was observed as an associate of corundum from the Carnatic^
in the indianite matrix previously alluded to.^ He describes it as either
white, or dirty gray, in colour; rather harder than quartz; infusible
before the blowpipe ; and with a specific gravity of 3*214. The
external texture of this substance is usually fibrous, the fibres being very
fine, and closely connected together. When it is broken according to
the direction of the fibres, its internal texture appears to be exactly the
same ; but, if it is broken in a direction transverse to the fibres, its
texture appears to be compact. The lustre of this last kind of fracture
is rather vitreous, and there is nothing in its appearance that gives
1 Amer. Jour. Sci., 2nd Ser., Yol. XLIl, p. 92.
3 Jour. As. Soc. Bengal, Yol. I, p. 357.
* V. Ball : Memoirs, G. S. 1., Yol. XVIII, p. 43.
* Records, G. S. 1., Yol. X, p. 85.
6 JWd., Yol. XYIl, p. 106.
* Natural Productions of Burma, p. 35.
7 Page 46.
112
GEOLOGY OF INDIA-KYANITE.
[Part n.
reason to think it was made in the direction of the laminsB. When we
wish to try the hardness of this stone^ it should be done in a direction
which is transverse or perpendicular to the fibres^ not in a direction paral-
lel to them. There exist many pieces of this substance that are merely
irregular aggregations^ in which the fibres cross each other, in bundles,
in difEerent directions." *
The following analyses have been made of specimens from De Bour-
non’s cabinet
Chenevix.*
Silliman.*
Silica
.
,
,
,
3800
36*309
Alumina .
,
•
.
58*25
62 415
Ferric oxide
,
.
•
,
.
• trace
...
Magnesia .
•
■
96*25
•702
99*426
Fibrolite is said to have been observed in the metamorphic rocks of
Manbhum.^
Kyanite is a common mineral in some of the metamorphic rocks of
India. In some parts of the gneiss ^ and mica schists^ of the North-
Western Himalayas, for instance, it occurs in abundance, and extremely
fine specimens are sometimes met with. There is one now in the
museum, from Chini, on the Sutlej, composed of a number of aggregated
blades which are individually more than 9 inches long. Other specimens
from the same region are blue along the centre of the blades, and green-
ish on the margins. The same mineral is also of frequent occurrence in
the granite veins which penetrate the above-mentioned rocks.’' It is
often met with in the gneissose rocks of the Sikkim Himalayas,^ and has
been found in those of Chutia Nagpur.®
Mr. Foote has described the occurrence of bands of mica schist, in
the gneiss of the Chundi hills in Nellore, which contain abundance
of kyanite and staurolite ; the minerals in some instances occurring
together, in others separately.^® There are specimens, from that region,
in the museum collection, formed of blades three quarters of an inch
> Phil. TranB., 1802, p. 289.
^ Ihid,t page 335.
* Amcr. Jour. Sci., 2nd Ser., Vol. VIII, p. 388.
* V. Ball : Memoirs, G. S. I., Vol. XVIII, p. 43.
^ F. Stoliczka : Memoire, G. S. I., Vol. V, p. 14 ; C. 11. McMahon, Rocords, G. S. 1.,
Vol. X, p. 219.
® T. Thomson ; Western Himalaya, pp. 84, 111.
’ R. Strachey : Q. J. G. S., Vol. VII, p. 302.
® F. R. Mallet : Memoirs, G. 8. I., Vol. XI. p. 43.
* M. Stoehi : Records, G. S. I., Vol. Ill, p. 87 i V. Ball, Memoirs, 0. 8. 1., Vol. XVIII,
p. 43.
» Ibid., Vol. XVI, p. 15.
lOneralogj.] TSCHEFFKINITE. 113
broad and 5 inches long. Kyanite has also been observed in the
gneissose rooks of Hyderabad^ Mysore, and some other parts of Southern
India.^
Bhatizite has been noticed in the schistose rocks of Singhbhum,’ and
occui*s, although but rarely, associated with ordinary kyanite, in the
gneiss of the Yangpa valley, above W4ngtu on the Sutlej, in the North-
Western Himalayas.®
Topaz is said to have been found in the bed of the Mabanadi,* and
Dr. McClelland has stated that it occurs “ indrusal cavities in trap,"
at Chumpar hill, about 6 miles north-east of Dubrajpore, in the Bajma-
hal hills.® The mineral, from the latter locality at least, is most probably
yellow or smoky quartz.
Sphene has been observed, by Colonel McMahon, in microscopic
sections of trap, diorite, and hornblende rock from the Sutlej valley ; ®
of diorite, from Hundes, in Tibet ; ’ of felsite from Malani, in Kajpu-
t£na ; ^ and of potstone from Dhalbhum.®
Tscheffldnite. — A substance brought from India by M. Leschenault
(who has been previously mentioned in connection with indianite) was de-
scribed by Beudant under the name of mineral de Coromandel.'^ The
edition of his mineralogy of 1832, in which the description is given, is,
however, not accessible to the writer. It contains the following analysis
by Laugier —
Silica 19*00
Titanic acid 8*00
Oxide of cerium 86*00
Oxide of iron 19*00
Oxide of manganese 1*20
Lime 8’00
Water 11*00
102*20
^ T. Ncwbold : Jour. Roy. As. Soc., Vol. VIU, p. 153.
* M. Stmhr : Records, G. S. L, Vol. Ill, p. 87.
* Memoirs, G. S. I., Vol. V, p. 171.
* Select. Govt. Bengal, No. XXllI, p. 184.
* Report of the Geological Survey for 1848-49, p. 51.
* Records, G. S. L, Vol. XIX, pp. 73, 76, 78.
^ iitd., page 119.
" Ibid,, page 162.
* Ibid,, Vol. XX, page 44.
^ As quoted by Damour, Bulletin do la Soc. Geol. de France, 2** Ser., Vol. XIX,
p. 550. The analysis as quoted by Dana (System of Mineralogy , p. 388) gives the ii Ati
and manganese as sesquioxidcs. Coromandel is erroneously placed iu Africa in the latter
work.
114
QEOLOOT OF INDU-TSCREFFEINITE.
[Part IV.
The substance was re-ezamined by Damour in 1862,’ who was put
in possession of one of Leschenault's original specimens for the pur-
pose. He writes that the mineral of Coromandel forms an amorphous
mass, of a brownish-black colour, translucent only in the thinnest
splinters. The powder is brown. The mineral quite resembles allanite
and orthite in external appearance. Scratches glass. Sp. gr. = 4*26.
Before the blowpipe melts, with intumescence, to a slightly magnetic
black scoria. With salt of phosphorus it gives a pale-brown opaline
glass in the reducing flame, which becomes milky white in the oxidising
flame.
With borax, it gives a dark, hyacinth-brown, transparent glass in
the reducing flame, which becomes pale brown and opaque, in the oxidis-
ing flame.
When heated in a closed tube, it gives off a little water.
^'Nitric acid attacks it easily, especially when heated, leaving a
residue of gelatinous silica, mixed with titanic acid, and some black grains
(titanic iron) which remain unaffected. The nitric acid solution gives an
abundant precipitate with oxalic acid.
** On analysis the substance yielded —
Oxygon ratio.
Silici ....
1903
9*88=r 1
Titanic acid
20-86
8-32 = 1
Ceroui oxide
88-38^
Ferrous oxide
... 7*96
Lime ....
4-40,
8-76=1
Magnesia ....
•27'
Manganous oxide
•38J
1
Alumina ....
7-72
Water and volatile matter
1*30
100*80
I do not clearly see the part that the small quantity of alumina plays.
Taking the other constituents, only, into account, the mineral seems to
form a silico-titanate of cerium, iron, lime, &c., in which the oxygen of
the silico, of the titanic acid, and of the bases, approximates to the
ratio 1:1:1* It may be supposed that an amorphous material, and
one so complex, does not show a very exact ratio between its constitu-
ents. We may conclude, however, from the results given, that the
mineral of Coromandel belongs to the species that Bose found in the
Ural mountains, and that he has described under the name of tscheff-
kinite.^^
. ...
Dana suggests the formula +|R f)* Si S and adds that
* Op, cit
115
Mineralogy.] BOMBITE.
Damour has made a new examination of the mineral^ and directly
ascertained the absence of thorium ; he further observes that a little D1
and La are probably presentwith the Ce« Descloizeaux states that the
mineral is not homogeneous^ it consisting of a brown material not acting
on polarised lights and small colourless grains which are strongly doubly
refracting. The mineral has H. = 5*5 — 6 ; 6. = 4*26; lustre vitreous,
inclining to resinous ; colour brownish black ; subtranslucent.^' ^
There is a specimen of tscheffkinite in the British museum, labelled
Kantamala, Coromandel, India.^^ The writer has been unable to trace
the exact position of Kantamala. It is possible that the tscheffkinite
was found in the same region as the specimens of indianite collected by
M. Leschenault, which he obtained in the Salem district. Although
Salem is inland, it is spoken of as on the coast of Coromandel by
De Bournon, through whose hands the specimens of tscheffkinite may
have passed, as well as those of indianite.
Staurolite. — ^'fhe mica schists of the Chundi (or Sundi) hills, in
Nellore, are described as being in many parts thickly crowded with
staurolite crystals, often associated with kyanite. The crystals are
generally of large size, 2 to 3 inches long, by H to If in width, and
even larger ones (as well as smaller) are met with. The large crystals
are almost invariably of coarse texture, and much covered with a film of
mica. Some of the smaller ones have a fair amount of lustre. In various
damp spots the weathered crystals get covered with a shining ferruginous
coating, and pass gradually into a species of lateritic concretion.’
Specimens in the museum, from the above-named hills, include simple
crystals showing the combinations ooP. cx>Pcx>. OP. and cx)P. ooPcx).
OP. Foo. and cruciform twins (with and without Poo) with the com-
position faces f Poo and f Pf .
Staurolite has also been observed in the maritime districts df the
Godavari and Kistna, and near Bayakota in Salem ’ ; it is described as
abundant in the Arvali schists of Bajputana, with andalusite and garnet
and has been noticed in the mica schists of Hazarib^h.^
Appendix to Anhydrous Silicates.
Bombite* — ^This name was given by De Bournon to a substance found
near Bombay” and brought to Europe by M. Leschenault. It is de-
* System of Mineralogy, p. 388,
* R. B. Foote ; Memoirs, G. 8. I., Vol. XVI, p. 15.
■ T. Newbold : Jour. Roy. As. Soc,, Vol. VIII, p. 153.
* C. A. Hacket : Records, G. S. I., Vol. X, p. 85.
» Ibid,, Vol. VII, p. 39.
* There is some confusion about the locality, which is said to be near Bombay ’* and
on tho coast of Goromandol.” A mineral found near Bombay would iiocossarily be from the
Deccan trap, or intortruppean beds.
I 2
116
GEOLOGY OP INDU— DTSCLASITE.
[Part IV.
gcribed as amorphous, of a very dark blackish-g^y, and perfectly resem-
blingf Lydian stone in colour and outward appearance. The texture is
very even and fine; fracture slightly oonchoidal. Sp. gr. = 3*213. H.
slightly above 7. Perfectly opaque except in the very thinnest splinters,
which are slightly transparent on their edges, showing a bluish-gray
colour. Before the blowpipe it melts very easily and quickly, with slight
intumescence, to a slightly transparent brown-yellow glass. Insoluble
in acids.^
Laugier’s analysis * gave—
Silica .......... 60*00
Alumina 10*50
Oxide of iron 25*00
Magnesia . 3*50
Lime .......... 8*50
Carbon ..... .... 3*00
Snlphnr . *30
100*80
The substance has no definite chemical composition or form, but
occurs in rounded fragments or amorphous masses, derived apparently
from some old formation.'^ *
B.— -Hydrous Silicates.
I.— General Section.
(a) Biailicates,
Dysclasite (Okenite).— This mineral is found at Poona, in cavities
of the amygdaloidal trap, in nodular masses, formed of smaller spher-
oidal concretions of radiated structure, and is characterized by extraor-
dinary toughness, from which its name was originally derived.^^ ^
The author quoted obtained on analysis
OxyfTGn ratio.
Silica
a
•
.
,
,
64-24
28*93
= 4
Lime
,
.
27-44
7*841
Soda
.
,
,
•
-07
*02]
“ 1
Water
•
•
•
•
•
1704
15*15
= 2
98-79
^ Observations sur quclquei-nns dee mindraux, soit do I’llo de Ceyluii, soit dc la
cote de Coromandel, p. 30.
* Traite de Miniralogie, by A. Dufrdnoy, Vol. Ill, p. 628 (as quoted in Dictionnaire
dcs analyses cbimiques, p. 164 : the present writer has not access to the first named work).
* In Bristow’s Glossary of Mineralogy tbe iron is given as peroxide.
* Op. cit.
* 8. Uaughton : Jour. Roy. Geol. Soc. Ireland, New Series, VoL 11, p. 114.
Ifineralogy.] APOPHYLLITE. 117
Lanmontite is described^ by Dr. Blanford^ as one of the more abun-
dant zeolitic minerals of the Deccan trap/ although it is not found in
such profusion as stilbite^ apophyllite^ and heulandite. Fine crystals
from Poona’ are contained in the British museum collection. Laumon-
tite^ associated with apophyllite and stilbite^ and with scolecite^ stilbite^
and glauconite, from the Western Ghats (Bhor or Thul ghat), is repre-
sented by specimens in the geological museum in Calcutta. Laumontite
containing small spheroids of prehnite scattered through it, and also
penetrating calcspar, is said to occur at Mazagon, Bombay/ In the
collection just mentioned there are specimens of the mineral, collected
by Mr. Fedden, from Lunidhar, and east of Jasdan, in K&thiawar.
ChrySOCOlla has been occasionally noticed, in association with other
ores of copper, as at Ganmanipenta, in Nellore ; ^ but no very remarkable
occurrences of the mineral seem to have been recorded.
(A) Unisilicates.
Prehnite is one of the rarest minerals of the Deccan trap.^ It is
said to occur, with laumontite, as noticed under the latter mineral, at
Mazagon, Bombay. According to Dr. Leith, prehnite has been found at
Nowrojee Hill, in Mazagon ; ’ perhaps the same spot as that in which
Malcolmson^s specimens were obtained. In the museum j^here is but
one example of the mineral, a rolled pebble from the bed of the Narbada.
The only locality, beyond the Deccan trap area, from which prehnite
has been reported, is near Ajmere, where it is said to occur in horn-
blende."’'
Apophyllite.— The Deccan trap has long been noted for the profusion
in which this mineral is found, and the magnificent crystals in which it
occurs. In no other jmrt of the world have equally fine ones been
obtained.
It is only in certain portions of the trappean area that the mineral
is found. The best known localities are Poona, where splendid speci-
mens were brought to light during the sinking of wells,’ and the
Western Ghats, in which magnificent crystallizations were obtained in
abundance during the construction of the Bhor and Thul ghats, on the
1 Records, G. 8. I., Vol. V, p. 90; Memoirs, G. S. L, Vol. VI, p. 141; Manual,
Pt. I, p. 309.
8 W. H. Sykes : Trans. Geol. Soc., 2ud Ser., Vol. IV, p. 425.
> J. G. Malcolmson : Jour. As. Soc., Bengal, Vol. XII, p. 1026 ; Vol. XIII, xxxvii.
« Records, G. S. I., Vol. XII, pp. 169, 171.
» W. T. Blanford : Records, G. S. I., Vol. V. p. 90 ; Manual, Pt. I, p. 305.
® Jour. Bom. As, Soc., Voi. VI, p. 180.
7 R. Irvine : Topography of Ajmere, p. 162.
» W. H. Sykes : Trans. Geol. Soc., 2nd Ser. Vol. IV, p, 425.
118
GEOLOGY OF INDIA— APOPHYLLITE.
[Part IV.
Great Indian Peninsular Railwagr. A very fine series of specimens^ from
the latter places^ is exhibited in the British museum^ and almost equally
good ones, obtained by Mr. Blanford, are included in the Calcutta col-
lections. No doubt cuttings in many other parts of the area would
unearth crystals as fine as those from the localities mentioned.
The apophyllite occurs in crystals, lining cavities in the amygdaloidal
traps which are sometimes 2 or 3 feet across^ and even larger drusy
cavities are said to have been broken into.^ The mineral is very com-
monly associated with stilbite in large crystals, and frequently also with
scolecite, heulandite, calcite, quarts, &c.
The colour of the Deccan apophyllite is usually white, more rarely
pink or green ; some crystals are perfectly transparent, and one of the
most magnificent associations of minerals to be found anywhere is seen
when, as occasionally happens, perfectly clear vitreous crystals of apo-
phyllite, of large size, are inserted on a mass of orange stilbite. Some
apophyllite crystals are as much as 3 or 4 inches across.^^ *
There are two main types of crystal, that in which the basal planes
are prom inentlydeveloped, and that in which they are nearly or quite
obliterated. The most characteristic variety of the first type is that in
which the crystals assume a quasi-cubic appearance, from the planes OP
and ooPoo being about equally developed while P is comparatively small
(fig. 22), •Crystals with P. more prominent are also common (fig. 23),
and not unfrequently the face ooP is present (fig. 24), sometimes accom-
})anied by ooPm (ooP2 or cx)P3?). But, in such specimens as have
come under the writer’s eye, these latter faces are almost microscopically
small. More rarely the crystals are tabular, as in fig. 25. The preceding
figures represent crystals in the museum from the Western Ghats. Fig.
26, with ooP2, and fig, 27 with ^P, represent crystals from Poona, as
figured by Schrauf.®
Crystals of the above type are sometimes serrated all over on the
basal plane by oscillatory combination of the apices of pyramids. When a
di tetragonal prism enters into the combination, the faces of the secondary
prisms are generally striated vertically." *
The crystals of the second type, which are less common and generally
much smaller than those of the first, ^ have P as the predominant face.
OP is small (fig. 28) or entirely absent (fig. 29). Sometimes cx)Pcx>
approaches extinction also, but in other cases, as in the crystal figured by
Sehrauf ^ (fig. 30), it is well developed and is accompanied by cx>P2.
> W. T. Blanford : Pt. I, p. 305.
* Ibid,, p. 306.
’ Atlas der Krystall-formen dee Mineralreicbes.
* H. Bduerman : Text-Book of Descriptive Mineralogy, p. 249.
* W. T. Blanford : Pt. I, p. 306.
MSSOLK.
Mineralogy.]
119
According to Dr.Haugbton^s measurements^ the angle OP. /\P. 120^ 20'^
and P. ^P.=108° 80', which respectively gfive a value for the vertical
axis of 1*208 and 1*281, on a mean of 1*2445.^
The Deccan apophyllite has been analysed by Dr. Haughton with
the following result* : —
Silica
Alumina
Lime .
Magnesia
Soda .
Potash
Water
Fluorine
51*60
*24
26*06
*08
*63
5*04
16*20
*97
99*84
(c) Subsilicates,
Allophane. — Some years ago two specimens from the Deputy Com-
missioner of Simla, and presumably, therefore, obtained in the Punjab
Himalayas, were sent to the museum for determination. Both were
allophane, one a pale sky-blue in colour, and the other partly green ; the
colour in both cases being due to a small proportion of copper. No in-
formation was obtainable as to how or where they were found.
1 1 .—Zeolite Section.
{a) Vnisilicates,
Thomsonite is one of the rarer zeolites found in the Deccan trap.
According to Captain Newbold, it has been observed on the plain of
Bijapur ; in the Sholapur country ; and in the Narbada valley.* There
is a specimen from Serur, in the Ahmadnagar district, in the British
museum.
Mesole was obtained, by Dr. Thomson, on the island of Caranja, in
Bombay harbour, where, as well as in Salsette, it appears to occur in
considerable abundance, in amygdaloid. He found the specific gravity =
2*262. Heated alone before the blowpipe, the mineral curls up, and, with
Jour. Roy. Geol. Soc, Ireland, 2nd Ser., Vol. II, p. 113.
* Jour. Roy. Geol. Soc. Ireland, 2nd Ser., Vol. I, p. 252 ; Phil. Mag., 4ta Ser., Vol.
XXXII, p. 228.
« W. T. Blanford : Pt. I, p. 306.
* Jour. Roy. As. Soc., Vol. IX, p. 38.
120 GBOLOOT OF INDIA-SCOLBCITB. [Ftet 17.
borax, fnses with difficulty to a colourless bead. On analysis it
yielded : *—
SUica 42-70
Alamina 27*60
Lime 7*61
Soda 7*00
Water 14*71
99*52
Natrolite is mentioned by Newbold as found in the trap of the
Deccan^* and by Voysey as occurring in the same rock in the Gawilgarh
hills. ^ Professor Hubbard, of Dartmouth College, records having received
specimens of natrolite hemispheres 7 inches in diameter; also
in sectors of 3 inches radius, and of the most beautiful lustre and
whiteness/^ from Ahmadnagar, a town in the midst of the Deccan trap
area. They were sent by the Rev. Mr. Burgess, a missionary of that
place.*
Natrolite is also said to occur in the Rajmfihal trap, where it is
found in minute acicular crystals.^
Scolecite is described as one of the more abundant zeolites of the
Deccan trap, although less common than some others. Remarkably fine
specimens have been obtained from the tunnels and cuttings at the Bhor
ghat : in these the mineral is associated with apophyllite and stilbite,
and occurs in groups of radiating and divergent, transparent, and semi-
transparent, colourless crystals, some of which are over 3 inches longer
and nearly half an inch across ; although, as a rule, they are thinner in
proportion to their length. Of a fine series in the museum, only one or
two crystals possess natural terminations, and those in positions when
they do not admit of measurement.
The following analyses of the mineral have been published : —
I.
II.
III.
IV.
Silica
,
. 46*87
45*80
45*90
46*91
Alumina
.
. 25*82
25*55
2610
26*03
Lime
,
18*80
13*97
14*71
13*33
Soda
,
•46
•17
•09
*22
Potash .
,
*13
•30
...
•08
Water .
13 46
14*28
13-68
13*83
ioao3
10007
100*48
100*40
' Edin. New Phil. Jour., Vol. XVII (1834), p. 186. The mineral is described bj
the author as mesolite, but, as shown by Dana, the composition is that of mesole.
^ Jour. Roy. As. Soc., VoL IX, p. 88.
* Asiatic Researches, Vol. XVIII, Pt. I, p. 190.
* Amer. Jour. Sci., 2nd Ser., Vol. XI, p. 424.
6 T. Oldham : Jour. As. Soc. Bengal, Vol. XXllI, p. 270 ; Memoirs, G. S. L, VoL
XllI, p. 215.
POONAHLITE.
Mineralogy.]
ISl
No. 1 , from the East Indies/^ consisted of " globular masses 5 to
6 inches in diameter of radiated structure. Sometimes there was found
between the radii^ which have a vitreous lustre, the same mineral of a
reticulated structure with pearly lustre. B. B. it fuses with intumescence
easily to a blebby glass/^ ^
No. II, from the Western Gh^ts; sp. gr. = 2*28.*
No. Ill was in bundles of long, needle-shaped, semi-transparent
crystals, associated with apophyllite. From near Poona. ^
No. IV. Bundles of white, to transparent, crystals, sometimes over
an inch long, with a glassy to silky lustre. Sp. gr. as 2*296. Associated
with apophyllite. From Poona.*
Foonahlite. — This name was originally given by Brooke to speci-
mens of zeolite from Poona, which he considered as belonging to a
new species, on the ground that the angle cx>P A ooP was equal to
92° 20', and therefore different from that of ‘‘ mesotype or needle-stone.*^ ®
Kenngott makes the angle =91° 49', the corresponding angle in scolecite
being generally given as = 91° 35' or 91° 36'. Brooke describes the
crystals as slender, and traversing the mass of the associated apo-
phyllite and matrix instead of forming groups in the cavities. Among
several hundred crystals examined, not one had a natural termination.
Specimens in the British museum, from Poona, are composed of groups
of thin (almost acicular) divergent crystals, associated with stilbite and
apophyllite.
Gmelin found the sp. gr.=2*1622, and obtained by analysis® —
Found.
Calculated.
Silica .....
,
.
45120
46*07
Alumina ....
.
.
.
30*446
31*33
Lime .....
.
.
10197
10-43
Soda, with trace of potash
•657
...
Water ....
•
•
13*386
13-17
99-806
100*00
from which he deduces the formula
3(CaO.Si03) -|-5(A103.Si03) +
while he regards that of scolecite as
3(Ca0.Si03) + 3(A103.Si03) -h9«.jO
* W. J. Taylor: Am. Jour. Sci., 2nd. Ser., Vol. XVII, p. 410.
^ P. Collier : Dana’s System of Mineralogy, p. 429.
* S. Haughton : Jour. lioy. Geol. Soc. Ireland, 2nd Ser., Vol. II, p. 114.
* T. Petersen : Neues Jahrbuch fur Min., 1873, p. 852.
® Phil. Mag., Vol. X (1831), p. 110.
^ PoggendorfiTs Aimaleu, Vol. XLIX, p. 538.
m
GS3L0QT OF INDU-CHABASITE.
[Part IV.
These are equivalent to
8(2Ca0.8Si0j)+6(eA10,.88i0,) + 24H,0 = CajA^Sii,0^g + 12H,0,
and
8(2Ca0.3Si0,) + 8 ( 2 A 103 . 8 Si 0 j) + 18H,0 = CagAlgSi^Ojo+OHjO.
Mesolite. — There are specimens of this zeolite in the British museum
collection^ from the Bhor ghdt. In one of them the mineral occurs in
thin, almost acicular, divergent prisms; others consist of a felt*like
aggregation of microscopically slender crystals.^
Harrinytonite also occurs in the Deccan trap. A specimen from
the Bombay presidency, with sp. gr. = 2*174, and described as occurring
in large massive nodules, filling cavities in trap, of feathery structure,"
has been analysed by Dr. Haughton, with the following residt^ —
Silica
.
.
.
,
.
45-60
Alumina .
.
. 27*80
Magnesia .
.
. trace
Lime
.
12*12
Soda
,
2-76
Potash
,
*68
Water
•
•
. 12-90
101-40
(6) Bisilicatei,
Analcime is said to have been found in the Deccan trap of the
Poona district,* the Western Ghats,* and the Gawilgarh hills,* but the
mineral would appear to be one of the rarest zeolites, and was never met
with by Mr. Blanford, who examined a very large area occupied by the
rock in question,®
Analcime is also stated to occur, in small transparent crystals, in the
trap of the Rajmahdl hills.^
Chabasite is described as one of the rare zeolites of the Deccan trap.®
It is said to have been found in the Poona district,® and at Nowrojee
hill, in Mazagon, Bombay.^® Malcolmson remarks that " beautiful
specimens abound in certain localities of the western portion of the
formation but as this statement is without confirmation by other
^ As previously noted, the mesolite of Dr. Thomson is mesole.
^ Jour. Boy. Geol. Soc. Ireland., Sod Ser., Vol. 1, p. 254; Phil. Mag., 4th 8er„ Vol.
XXXII, p. 225.
’ W. H. Sykes : Trans. Oeol. Soc., 2nd Ser., Vol. IV, p. 425.
^ T. Kewbold : Jour. Roy. As. Soc., Vol. IX, p. 38.
^ H. W. Voysey : Asiatic Researches, Vol. XVIII, Pt. I, p. 191.
• W. T. Blanford : Memoirs, O. S. I., Vol. VI, p. 141.
» T. Oldham : I5id., Vol. XIII, p. 215.
s W. T. Blanford : Pt. I, p. 805.
• W. H. Sykes : Trans. Geol. Soc., 2nd Ser., Vol. IV, p. 425.
^ Dr. Leith : Jour. Bom. As. Soc., Vol. VI, p. ISO.
Trans. Geol Soc., 2nd Ser., Vol. V, p. 640.
STILBITE.
!!in6ndogy.l
128
writers^ it seems possible that the author quoted mistook the quasi-cubic
3 rystals of apophyllite for the nearly cubic rhombohedrons which con-
stitute one of the commoner forms of chabasite.
Hypostilbite constitutes one of the zeolites of the Deccan trap^
but it appears to be known only from the specimens, from the Bombay
presidency, examined by Dr. Haughton. In these the mineral occurred
in large, fibrous, transparent masses, radiated like natrolite or thomsonite^
and filling globular cavities in green irap.^^ Sp. gr. = 2*180. It yielded
on analysis*—
Silica
Alumioa
Lime
Magnesia
Soda
Potash
Water
52*80
1712
7-89
trace
235
•07
18*52
98*75
Stilbite is the commonest of the Deccan trap zeolitic minerals, next
in abundance to it coming apophyllite, heulandite, and scolecite.* It
occurs both in crystals, which are often of large size, and are very com-
monly associated with apophyllite, lining drusy cavities in the trap,
and in radiated lamellar masses entirely filling such cavities. The
finest crystals have been obtained from the Bhor and Thnl ghats. Great
masses of the lamellar kind have been noticed at Brahmanvada, in
the south-east of Akola,^ and between Jabalpur and Seoni. Other
localities, for the mineral are the plain of Bijapur, Sholapur, Caranja,
and Elephanta in Bombay harbour, the Narbada valley,^ Poona, the
Gawilgarh hills, and Saugor.
There is a fine series of crystallized specimens from the Ghats in the«
museum, which were obtained, as well as those of apophyllite, heulandite,
&c., by Dr. Blanford, during the construction of the Great Indian
Peninsular Railway. The crystals include—
Salmon-coloured crystals, generally of considerable size— very
c ommonly, for instance, an inch, and sometimes two inches, across (in
the direction ooPcx>). Tliey have the faces ooPoo.ooPoo.P. (fig. 81),
and are not uncommonly somewhat (but not highly) sheaf -like, from the
aggregation of simple crystals into compound ones. They are generally
(but not always) implanted by one end, and hence usually present only
one pyramidal termination. Crystals of this kind are frequently thickly
' Jour. Roy. Geol. Soc. Ireland, 2nd Ser., Yol. I, p. 253.
a W. T. Blanford : Pt. I., p. 306.
« W. H. Sykefl: Trans. Geol. Soc.„ 2nd Ser., Vol. lY, p. 425; Bombay Gazetteer, Yol.
XYII, p.l6.
* T. Newbold : Jour. Roy. Ai. Soc., Yol IX, p. 38.
GEOLOGY OF INDIA— STILBITE.
[Part IV.
grouped^ occurring eitheralone or with apophyllite^ which not uncom-
monly takes the form of minute crystals implanted on the surface of the
stilbite. Quartz, &c., is also found in the same association^ but not
so frequently. In other cases the stilbite occurs in isolated crystals^
being then very usually associated with large, thickly grouped, crystals
of apophyllite.
2n(l . — Highly sheaf-like forms, sometimes so much so that viewed
on the face ooFoo they have the appearance of a fan, or in the com-
paratively rare cases where both ends of the crystal are free, of two fans
with the points together: the crystals are commonly of considerable
size, averaging, say, one half to one inch across. They are generally
thickly grouped, but sometimes occur singly. They occur either alone,
or associated with heulandite, apophyllite, scolecite, or with crystals of
the third variety.
Sfd.— Thin tabular crystals of comparatively small size (more com-
monly a quarter to an eighth of an inch across, sometimes much less) ;
non-sheaf-like, or very slightly sheaf-like in form, and exhibiting the
combinations cx)Fcx).ooPcx).P. and ooPcx). ooPcx). ooP.P. (fig. 82). They
occur alone, and with apophyllite, heulandite, scolecite, and perhaps
other minerals. In one case small crystals of this kind were observed
implanted on large ones of the first kind, showing that the former were of
later formation. The crystals of the second and third varieties are white.
The crystals of the fourth kind, which are by far the least common,
occur on the surfaces of cavities which are lined by minute crystals of
quartz. No other zeolites are associated with them (except in one
specimen which includes apophyllite). They are salmon-coloured; of
considerable size, averaging, say, half an inch across ; generally tabular
and non-sheaf-like, or very slightly sheaf-like in form. Generally they
present the faces ooPoo. ooPoo. ooP.P., but in some there is also a face
replacing the edge between ooPoo and P. (fig. S3 : the basal plane is
present in some crystals, as in fig. 34, but it is almost microscopically
small). The parallelism of the edges between this face and ooPoo. & P.,
respectively, shows that the furmula for the face in question is mPm.
Stri® and irregularities on ooPoo. and P. prevent more than roughly
approximate angular measurements. For niPm A P. the value 152°i was
obtained. A more reliable result, however, can be deduced from the
observation that the plane angles formed by the edge between mPm. &
ooP. with the edges between mPm. & ooPoo. and mPm. & P. (all of
which edges are straight and sharply defined) are either right angles or
extremely close approximations thereto. Assuming them to be actually
right angles, the calculated value of mPm A P. is 164'’ 35', giving a value
for m of 2*5098, or a close approximation to f. Taking m at the
value of the angle mPm A P. is 154^ 41', the plane angles formed by the
Mineralogy.] STILBITB. 145
edge between mPm. & ooP. with tbe edges between ml^m. & ool^oo. and
mPm. & P., respectively, being 90° 8' and 89° 54'.
The values of the following angles therefore are—
f P A P. = 154° 41'.
I P A ooPoo. = 145° 41'.
On one crystal there is also a face mPm replacing the edge between
jjP| and cx)Poo. The value of m is much greater than but> owing
to the position of the crystal in a cavity^ it is impossible to get even a
rough measurement of the angles between mPm and the adjacent faces,
without destroying the specimen.
Professor Heddle has noticed the occurrence of a face replacing the
edge between ooPoo. and P. on crystals of stilbite from Dumbartonshire,
and from near Mount Nombi in Australia. He obtained the value
149®45' to 1 50° for the angle mPm. A ooPoo. in the Scotch specimens, and
152° 32' to 153° in the Australian. These results, however, he consider-
ed little better than approximations, and he felt little doubt that the
face was the same in the specimens from both localities.^ The angles
149° 45' and 153° respectively give a value for m of 4*9266 and 3*3197,
the angle when m equals 3 being 1 50° 22'. The probability, therefore,
would seem to be that the face noticed by Professor Heddle is different
from that on the Indian specimens.
The total number of faces which, as far as the present writer has been
able to ascertain, have hitherto been noticed on stilbite, are ooPcx).
ooPcx). ooP.P.OP., which are given in all mineralogical works ; |Pcx>.
noticed by Des Cloizeaux on crystals from Bergen hill (New Jersey)
mPm(3P3?) recorded by Heddle; |P| and mPm (m having a high
value) on crystals from the Western Ghats.*
The following analyses have been made by Dr. Haughton : —
Crystals,
Narbada
valley.*
Flat radiated
crystals,
Bombay
presidency.^
*' Bice grain '
crystals,
Bhor ghat.*
Silica
56-69
68-20
67-00
Alumina .
. 15-36
15*60
17 10
Limo
.
. 5-88
8-07
7-95
Magnesia .
.
•82
...
trace
Potash
•
•89
•92
1 -82
Soda
.
. 145
•49
Water
.
. 17 48
18-00
18-03
98-46
101-28
100-40
mmmmmmam
' Mineralogical Magazine, Vol. IV, p. 44.
> Manuel de Mhieralogie, Tome I, p. 416.
» F. U. Mallet : Records, G. S. I., Vol. XV, p. 153.
* Phil. Mag., 4th. Sor., Vol. XIII. p. 610.
* Jour. Hoy. Geol. Soc. Ireland, 2nd Ser., Vol. I, p. 253.
* Jhid Vol Ti. i) n.«J.
126
GSOLOGT OF INDU—EPISTILBITE.
[Part IV.
StSbite is also found in the trap of the Rfijmahal hills.^ Crystals in
the museum, from Karodih^ are of small size, a quarter of an inch across
and less, and show the faces ool?oo. 00 P 00 .F.
In the same collection them is a specimen of lamellar stilbite from
the Andaman islands, doubtless obtained from the tertiary volcanic
rocks.
Lamellar red stilbite has been observed, by Mr. Ball, forming veins
in gneiss, south of the village of Manjuri, about 16 miles south-west
from Daltonganj, in Falamow. The mineral is associated with pseudomor-
phous quartz, and the veins, which vary from ( to 10 or 12 inches in
width, lie, for the most part, parallel to the foliation of the gneiss,
although they cut obliquely across it at several points.* Loose pieces of
similar stilbite, which were in all probability derived from veins like
those noticed by Mr. Ball, have been observed by the writer in the
gneissose area of South Mirzapur.*
Syhadrite . — It has been pointed out by Dr. Blanford that the leek-
green mineral, from the Bhor ghat trappean rocks, named syhedrite by
Professor Shepard, is merely stilbite coloured by glauconite, and that
the name should be syhadrite, from the Syhadri range.* Professor
Shepard describes it as follows: Hardness = 8*5. Gravity = 2’821.
Massive \ irregularly foliated in much contorted individuals, resembling
common varieties of massive highly crystalline dolomite. Colour leek-
gmen, that of the purest Indian heliotrope. Translucent on the edges only.
Lustre vitreous. Cleavage in one direction very distinct. Brittle. Liable
to alteration by exposure.^'® Mr. Tyler^s analysis gave ®—
Alumina 15*06
Ferrous oxide 2-71
Lime
Magnesia 2*46
Water
Silica Qsy difference) 66*92
100*00
Epistilbite is said to occur in the Deccan trap,^ Poona being given
> T. Oldham : Jour. As. 80c. Bengal, Vol. XXlll, p. 270 ; Memoirs, 0. 8. 1.,
Vol. XIII, p. 216.
* Memoirs, 0. S. I., Vol. XV, p. 36 j Sci. Proc. Roy. Dublin Soc., Vol. 11
(1880). p. 121.
* Records, G. 8. 1., Vol. V., p. 22.
< Memoirs, G. S. I., Vol. VI, p. 141 ; Manual, Pt, I, p. 305.
^ Am. Jour. Sci., 2Dd Ser., Vol. XL, p. 110.
‘JKd.
7 Ft. I, p. 305.
GLAUCONITE.
127
Xinesalogy.]
849 a locality ; ^ but the writer is not acquainted with the original author*
ity for the statement.
Heulandite is one of the commonest zeolites in the Deccan trap.* The
finest specimens have been procured at the Bhor and Thul ghats : large
crystals are said to occur on the islands of Elephanta and Caranja^
in Bombay Harbour/ and the mineral has also been noticed in Belgaum ;
at Br&hmanvada^ in the south-east of Akola ; the plain of Bijapur ; the
Sholapur district ; and the Narbada valley.*
There is a fine series of specimens in the museum, in which the
mineral is associated with stilbite and apophyllite, and, less frequently,
with scolecite, quartz, or calcite. The crystals are white, pale salmon-
coloured, or reddish, and some of them are more than an inch long. They
include the following combinations : —
ooSoo. 2Bcx). — OP.
ooPoo. 2Poo. — 2Poo. OP. ooP.
ooPoo. 2Poo. — 2Poo. OP. ooP. — P.
ooPoo. 2Poo. — 2Poo. OP. cx>P. — P. Pcx) (fig. 35).
Heulandite is also said to occur in the Bajmahal trap, at Karodih,
Amrapara, and other places.^
III. — Margarophyllite Section.
(a) Builicates.
Talc. — As a constituent of talcose schist, and in the form ol steatite,
this mineral occurs somewhat frequently in the metamorphic and trans-
ition rocks of many parts of India (Pt. Ill, p. 439). It may perhaps
be doubted, however, whether, in some instances, the rocks which have
been described as talcose are not hydromica schists.
Olauconite. — Green earth occurs abundantly in the amygdaloidal
portions of the Deccan trap, often filling the smaller cavities completely.
The larger ones very frequently have a lining of the mineral, between the
rock and the zeolite or agate which more or less completely occupies the
cavity.® The green earth is also found in seams through the trap.
The only analysis that has been made is of the glauconite which forms
> Dana’s System of Mineralogy, p. 444.
* Vide stilbite, page 123.
* B. D. Thomson : Madras Jonr. Lit. and Sci., Vol. V, p. 162.
^ T. Newbold : Jour. Roy. As. Soc., Vol. IX, p. 88.
^ T. Oldham : Jour. As. Soc. Bengal, Vol. XXIII, p. 270.
* W. T. Blanford . Pt. I, pp. 302, 305.
128 GEOLOGY OF INDIA-PHOLEBITE. [FUt 17-
the colouring material of hielopite,^ a variety of calcite found in the trap
rocks in question. This material yielded Dr. Haughton
Silica
64B8
Oiygen ratio.
29*116 =r: 8
Alumina . .
. . . . 474'
1
Ferrooa oxide •
2S-84
1 9-618 = 1
Lime ,
•94
Magneaia .
. . . . 4'90,
1
Water and loaa .
11-99
10«6 = 1
100*00
From which the formula + GH^O is deducible.*
(i) Unmlkatei*
Serpentine is met with in some parts of the metamorphic rocks, as
in M^nbkum and South Mirzapur, but perhaps the most extensive
masses are those intrusions occurring in connection with younger rocks,
like the triassic group of the Arakan Yoma, and the eocene (?) rocks of the
same range, of the Andaman and Nicobar islands, and of Kashmir (Ft.
Ill, p. 446),
Of the fibrous varieties pictolite (baltimorite) is associated with mag-
nesite in the chalk hills of Salem. It occurs of a pale green and rich
bluish-green colour, in thin veins not exceeding 6 inches wide.^
The serpentine of the Arakan range, in Burma, is intersected by
veins of gold-coloured chryitoiiUf and the same mineral, of a pale green
colour, and highly satiny lustre, forma veins, J or i inch thick, in the
serpentine of the Bichi river, in South Mirzapur.^
Fholerite.— -A mineral found near Simla by Colonel Boss, and called
meerschaluminite by him, and Simlaite by Schrauf,^ was subsequently
shown to be pholerite by Messrs. Maskelyne and Flight.*^ According to
their description, it is massive, of a pale flesh- white, has a dull, even
fracture, and adheres to the tongue. Patches and veins of a black
mineral penetrated the mass in several places/^ An analysis of the flesh-
1 g.
2 = I SSOj + 8HO, as given by the author in the original (Phil. Mag., 4th
Ser., Vol. XVII, p. 16; Jour. Boy. Dublin Soc., Vol. II (1858.69) p.l76.
* W. King and R. B. Foote : Menoira, Q. 8. 1., VoL IV, p. 315.
^ W. T. Blanford : Pt. II, p. 714.
* Records, G. S. 1., Vol. V, p, 20.
* Verb. G. Reicha., 1870, p. 48.
7 Jour. Chem. Soc., 2nd Ser., Vol IX, p. 12.
MAROARODITE.
129
Minnalogy.]
white mineralf after the elimination of hygroscopic water, gave the
following result
Silica 48‘IM
Alamina 41*073
Water 16*788
100*000
The black infiltrated substance contained some manganese and
cobalty as also traces of organic matter, which were likewise present in
the pholerite.
Mr. Brough Smyth mentions pholerite as amongst the minerals
occurring in the South-East Wynaad.'
Kaolin has been reported from several parts of India, and in many
cases the material so described has been directly formed by the disinte-
gration of crystalline felspathic rocks, and is true kaolin in as far as can
be judged from external characters only. But, with the exception given
below, no analyses are available, showing how far the clays approach typi-
cal kaolin in composition. Some of them probably do so closely (Ft. Ill,
p. 561).
The following analysis of kaolin, which is said to occur in large
quantity in the Banda district, is by Mr. Otto Hebner * : —
Silica 44‘47
Alumina .......... 41’64
Oxide of iron '34
Lime *43
Magnesia *18
Alkalis *27
Combined water and organic matter ..... 12*67
100*00
Halloyite was found by Dr. Warth some years ago at the Kistul
iron mine, in the Jaunsar district, North-Western Provinces. It occurs
in nests through a mass of clay overlying an incrustation of limonite.
“The mineral is of a peculiar horny appearance, and feels very fatty
between the fingers.” It is decomposed by hydrochloric acid, and, ac-
cording to Dr. Warth^s analysis, contains —
Silica ... 40*94
Alumina
Magnesia
Water
Margarodite. — See muscovite.
‘ Report on Gold Mines of S.<E. Wyiiaad, p. 4.
»MS6.
. 2*67
. 16-91
100*19
ISO GEOLOGT OF INDIA--CHROME OCHRE. [Fart IT.
Enpliyllite. — An emerald green variety of this mineral has been
found at Piprai in South Rewah, where it occupies seams in the massive
corundum noticed at page 48. Some of these are half an inch wide, or
more, completely filled with euphyllite and black tourmaline. The folim
of the micaceous mineral are generally small, but sometimes nearly half
an inch across.^ An analysis by Mr. Tween showed it to contain —
Oxygen mtio.
Silica
,
,
. 43-53
13*95
Alumina .
. 43-87 >
11-92
Oxide of chromium .
•
•91 i
Lime
1-46 \
1-00
Potaah .
. 7-80 J
•Water .
*
4-60
102-16
286
If the water were regarded as basic, the above ratio would approxi-
mate to that required for the formula
3(R0.Si02) 4(A108.Si0a).
It is noticeable that the euphyllite of Pipra occurs in exactly the same
association as that of Unionville, in Pennsylvania, namely, with corun-
dum and tourmaline. It differs from that of other localities in contain-
ing chromium, and in the colour, which is probably due to the presence
mf that metal.
(c) Subsilicates.
Chlorite is of common occurrence, in many parts of the areas occu-
pied by schistose rocks, as a constituent of chlorite schist, and is occa-
sionally met with as a component of gneiss. In parts of Tenasserim
chlorite is called the mother of tin,^^ as large scales of it are generally
found where the ore is most abundant.’
In no instance, however, has the species of the chlorite been deter-
mined by analysis.
Chlofophaite is described as abundant in some parts of the Bajmahal
trap.’
Appendix to Hydroue Silicates.
Chrome ochre (?) . Mr. Calvert, writing of a part of the Parbatti vallq^
below the village of Kasole, in Kulu, remarks that in the quartzose
rocks about here, and indeed for miles on, is much emerald-green oxide
of chrome, which looks very beautiful, but is hard to detach.^^ * Perhaps
the substance is chrome ochre.
' F. R. Mallet ; Records, G. 8. 1., Vol. V, p. 21.
* Select. Rec. Govt. Bengal, Vol. VI, p. 9.
» T. Oldham : Jour. As. Soc. Bengal, Vol. XXIII, p. 270.
* Kulu ; iU beauties, Ac., p. 60.
MinenJogj.]
APATITE.
131
3.— Phosphatesi Arsenates^ Nitrates.
A.— Fhosphates, Arsenates.
I.— Anhydrous.
Apatite.-*Cry6tals of dark bluish-green apatite have been obtained,
together with beryl and chrysoberyl, from a coarse shorl-bearing vein
granite, near the village of Ramidi, in Cuttack.^ A few irregular pieces
of sea-green apatite have been noticed in the granite of Northern Haza-
ribagh, previously alluded to under muscovite, but they are extremely
rare.* Mr. Stohr mentions having found in Singhbhum a blue-black
mineral of an elongated form, which Eengott considered to be apatite
united with a carbonaceous substance.^^ *
Earthy apatite^ and phoiphaiic noduleB.—ln 1884 a band of mas-
sive, gray, earthy apatite was discovered by the Rev. Mr. Parsons and
Dr. Warth at Mussooree. It is described as forming a band from 1 to
4 inches thick, and extending for more than a mile in length, just above
the limestone, and at the base of the black chert bands. It is accom-
panied (apparently in the adjoining shale) by numerous gray phospha-«
tic nodules, most of which are under an inch, or two, in diameter, al-
though some are much larger. The following analyses have been made
of the two varieties *
Nodales. Bock.
Phosphoric anhydride . 34*70»tricalcic phosphate 3016 » tricalcic phosphate
Lime . • . •
46-42 .
76-76.
. 39*21
Magnesia
•80 .
. 55
Alumina . . .1
8*50
f 5*58
Oxide of iron . . )
( 2-63
Soluble silica .
•20 .
•36
Insoluble siliceous matter 7
9 57 .
. 16*06
Barium sulphate . . )
Carbonaceous matter
-98 .
. *92
Loss on heating to 100* C .
•32 .
. *53
Carbonic acid, sulphuric
anhydride, fluorine, un*
det., and loss
4-01 .
• •
. 3*96
'■■■ " ■
10000
100-00
> W. T. Blanfq;rd : Memoirs. G. S. 1., Vol. I, p. 87.
* Becords, G. S. I., Vol. VII, p. 48.
» Ihid., Vol. HI. p. 87.
^ F. R. Mallet: Ibid., VoU XVIII, p. 126.
13£ GEOLOGY OF INDIA-PYBOMORPHITE. [Part IV.
Both^ however^ appear to vary widely in composition. Dr. Waldie
obtaining
Nodules.
Rock.
Tribasic phosphate of lime •
. 41*80
32*30
Fliosphate of alumina ....
. 34*50
34-50
Lime
. 5*40
8*62
Magnesia and alkalis ....
2*10
3*00
SiO] and a very little SO,
. 13*30
16*00
Loss on ignition
. 1*66
3*90
98*75
98 32
while Mr. Hebner, in a sample of the nodules, found 87*05 per cent, of
sand and clay, and only 3‘98 per cent, of phosphoric anhydride.
Dr. Warth has recently found phosphatic nodules in the eocene
strata of the Eastern Salt range. They occur in the shales above the
coal, and are very numerous in the neighbourhood of the Dandot col-
liery, although not sufficiently so, as far as is yet known, to be of prai^-
tical value.’ His analysis shows—
Insoluble silica, kc. 4
Phosphorus peutoxidc . SO
Carbon dioxide 4
Sulphur trioxide 2
Chlorine trace
Alumina trace
Ferrous oxide 2
Magnesia 2
Balance— Lime, water, organic matter, and loss . .56
100
CoprolUes have been found in some abundance, with fossil bones, in
the Lameta beds at Fisdura hill, in East Berar.’ They have also been
obtained from the Eota-Maleri rocks of the Upper Godavari district, in
Hyderabad.
Samples assayed by the writer gave—
PA » cs,PA
Pisdura 24*75 o4’04
Maleri ..••.«•. 15*35 33*52
Fyromorphite. — Mr, M, Fryar reports having found thinly-scattered
nodules of this mineral near the top of a small hill close to the mouth
of the Onkarean, or Ankaren, stream, a tributary of the Thoungyeen
river. The spot is about 80 miles east of Maulmain. Higher up the hill
were two veins, each about 2 feet wide, of earthy phosphate and carbonate
> MSS.
» Records, G. S. I., Vol. XX, p. 60.
* 8. Hislop, Q, J. G. 8., Vol. XVI, p. 163 ; T. W. H. Hughes, Memoirs, G. S. I.,
Vol. XIII, p. 88.
Mmenlogy.]
TUKQUOISB.
18S
of lead, from iwhich he believed the nodules to have been derived.' The
nodules have not been analysed quantitatively, but they contain so much
arsenic that it is open to question whether, they should not be referred to
mimetite.
Mimetite, with pyrite, was found, apparently in some quantity,
by Captain Foley, in limestone, in the Bo-thowng hills, about 90 miles
north-north-east from Maulmain. It had been thrown aside as useless
by the native miners.*
II. — Hydrous Phosphates and Arsenates.
Vivianite.-— A stifE blue-gray clay, containing specks of blue earthy
vivianite freely scattered through it, is of extensive occurrence in Nepal,
where it is largely used as manure.* Samples of a similar clay were
received last year from the Boisah Habee Tea Concern, in the Jorhaut
district, Assam. It is evidently the same kind of vivianite that has been
described, under the name of mineral indigo, as having been found in
the banks of the Diku river, above Nazira, and in the Dhansiri river, in
the same province.^ It would seem, therefore, that the phosphatic clay
in question is widely distributed. That from Nepal, Boisah Habee,
and the Dhansiri, contained vegetable matter as well as phosphate.
Libethenite. — Small crystals of this mineral have been observed in
the old refuse heaps at some of the Singhbhum copper mines.* Speci-
mens in the museum show the combinations ooF. Foo. and ooP. Foo. P.
Chalcophyllite has been found under the same circumstances as the
preceding mineral.®
Arseniate of copper (species not stated) is said to occur, with chalco-
pyrite and bornite, at Agur and Sahloo, in Kumaon.’'
Lazulite. — Amongst some specimens from Kashmir, received from
the Resident in 1888, was a piece of deep-blue lazulite, measuring about {
of an inch X i x It is attached to nhite translucent quartz, and is
said to have come from the Fadar district.
Turquoise.— Not known, with certainty, to occur in India, although
it is said to have been found in Rdjputana (Ft. Ill, p. 435), and in the
territory to the eastward of the Tenasserim river.®
1 Papers on the Geology of Burma, p. 457.
* Jour. As. Soc., Bengal, Vol. V, p. 280.
* H. B. Medlicott : Records, G. S. I., Vol. VIII, p. 100.
* Calcutta Jour. Nat. Hist., Vol. Ill, p. 153.
^ M. E. StoBhr : Records, G. S. I., Vol. Ill, p. 89.
* Ibid.
’ W. J. Hcnwood : Select. Rec. Govt. India, No. VIII, pp. 11, 22.
* J. W, Heifer : The Prorincee of Ye, Tavoy, and Mergui, 2nd Report, p. 31.
1S4
GBOLOOT OF INDIA— NITRE.
[Ptet IV,
The turquoise mines at Nishapur, in Khorassan, are beyond the
limits of aiTa that the present work ref ers toj but reference may be made
here to a detailed account of them^ by General A. H. Schindler^ in the
Records of the Geological Survey of India.^
Torbernite. — few crystals of this mineral have been founds
under the same circumstances as libethenite and in association
with it.
B.— Nitrates.
Nitre. — This salt, which, after refining, is exported in very large
quantity from India, occurs in, and as an efflorescence from, the soil, in
and around villages. The conditions under which it is produced are
very clearly described in the following account by Dr. W. J. Palmer,
chemical examiner to the Government of India*
** A class or caste of men, called aormeaZ/aA#, from the Hindu word aof a, meaning
nitre, make it the business of their lives to oolleot the raw material, manufacture, and
sell Uie salt, either for local use, as a cooling agent in frigorifio miitnres, or for export-
ation.
“ The sorawallah goes about the village, examining the small surface drains which
issue from holes in the mud wall, usually found around native dwellings and their
cow-houses ; when he detects a faint white veil-like patch of crystalline formation,
on or near the dark-coloured borders of these little drains, he knows that a consider-
able quantity of nitre exists, on or near the surface of all the surrounding earth ; he
accordingly proceeds to scrape off a very thin layer of the surface soil, which he carries
away to his place of manufacture, as soon as his morning's collections are finished.
On arriving there, the impregnated earth so collected is thrown into an earthen vessel
containing either water, or water which has been poured off from previous supplies of
similarly impregnated earth. When the water so used is pretty well saturated, it is
poured into shallow pans of unglazed earthenware, in which it is then exposed to the
combined influence of hot winds and the solar rays ; these cause rapid evaporation,
and the formation of crystals of nitrate of potash, which, after one or two more crys-
tallizations, are ready for sale. The mother-liquor, on being further evaporated, yields
a proportion of common salt, varying from one to seven or nine per cent. The
ifyrawallah makes fresh collections from precisely the same spots of ground, from
week to week, year to year, and from generation to generation, after the manner of
the eastern world ; the production of nitre is constant so long as the place continues to
be inhabited ; it eveu continues to appear in large, though gradually decreasing quan*
titles, for years after the village may have been deserted. The intervals at which
fresh collections may be made from the same spot, vaiy in different localities, and in
different sessons of the year, from one to seven, ten, or more days. Before suggesting
any theory of the mode of formation of this nitre, it will be necessary to direct atten-
tion for a few moments to some points in the physical geography of the oountiy, and
in the economy of a native village, which differ widely from anything seen in Europe.
** Nitre is found in the plains of India, being most abundant in the parts most
distant from the mountain ranges. The soil in these parts is composed of a very
» Vol. XVII, p. 132.
’ Jour. Chemical Soc., London, Vol. XXI (1868), p. 318.
NITRE.
136
Mineralogy.]
uniform alluvium, or river-sand ; for a depth of more than 300 feet, the uniformity
of this is only broken occasional thin layers of clay, indicating former river courses,
and still more rarely by beds of rough, nodular, friable, stony masses, called hunhwr^^
each nodule of which is made up of granules of carbonate of lime so agglomerated that
they enclose much of the surrounding sand, the proportion of carbonate of lime vary-
ing from fifteen to seventy per cent. These| b^ lie in a horizontal plane, at depths
varying from one to twenty feet ; they are from six inches to three or four feet thick ;
from one to three yards wide ; and from one to several miles in length, with occasional
interruptions. The yield of nitre is abundant only where these beds of hunhur exist
in the soil, and where at the same time the natural water-level is from twenty to forty
feet below the surface . In parts where the surface of the well-water is only a few feet
below the level, there no nitre is gathered ; it is probably carried away and diffused
as soon as formed. Where, on the other hand, the water-level is more than twenty feet
from the surface, all the watery parts of fluids thrown on the sandy surface are drawn
to the Burfiice and evaporated by the powerful sun, the solid particles remaining on
the surface, to be gathered or washed away when the new rain falls.
** CZima/e.— For eight months in the year no rain falls in the nitre-producing parts
of India ; the soil is exposed to the continuous influence of a dry wind and a burning
sun ; during the remaining four months it is exposed to alternations of heavy tropical
storms of rain with thunder and lightning, and a burning sun. The rain generally falls
so rapidly that it rushes off the surface of the earth into neighbouring rivers; some,
however, soaks for a varying distance into the soil, where it dissolves any soluble
materials it may come in contact with, leaving it again on the surface as the water is
drawn up and evaporated by the 8un*s influence. A greater quantity of nitre is
collected in the rainy season than in any other, although it is evident that much
more most at the same time be washed away.
“ The Village , — The nitre-producing parts of India are more densely populated
than England ; the villages are large, and are made up for the most part of mud houses,
surrounded by a mud wall, which generally encloses the dwellings of a whole family,
including uncles and aunts and their families, as well as grand parents and grand*
children; every family will have at least one pair of plough-oxen. The only drains
from these houses are the small surface ones before alluded to, and the only fluids
vebich pass by these drains are urine and the small quantity of refase water brought
to the house for culinary or drinking purposes ; ^ these drains open on to a small open
plot of ground where the drainage difl'uses itself, and is rapidly dried in the sun, the
only other domestic refuse which finds its way to this spot being the daily contribution
of wood-ashes, which results from cooking processes, any refuse food, or leaves used
as plates by these people, being i-apidly devoured by hungry eastern dogs, crows, or
» These beds of “ kvmJeur ” are interesting as being the only stone-Jike formation seen
for hundreds of miles along the left bank of the Ganges ; as being the only available source
of lime ill the plains of India for ages ; and also in their formation. In the extreme hot dry
season, water, holding bicarbonate of lime in solution, appears to be drawn up from the depths
of the earth ; as this approaches the surface the whole of the water and part of the car-
bonic acid being driven off, granules of carbonate of lime are deposited, which coalescing
imperfectly form these rough granular nodules.
3 All things requiring washing in a native bouse are carried to a neighbouring bank.
All coarser refuse, as broken pots, &c., are thrown into a hole made when the earth was
dug to build the house. Ordure does not find a place in this plot of ground, as a rule, for it
is the custom for all members of an Indian household to retire onoe daily, in the early dawn,
to the “ bushes,” or to a field, sheltered by a high growing crop, where they at once defecate
and manure their land ; at all other times in the day, urine is voided in tho little open drain
or gutter. Cowdnng does not a find, a place there, it being invariably collected, dried in
the sun, and used for cooking purposes. ”
136
GEOLOOT OF mDIA->SODA-NITBE.
CPtetnr.
ihm own eattle. It now appears that we have all the necessary elements for the con-
tinnons prodnction of nitre ; there is urea in abundance, which, in the presence of
carbonate of lime is probably converted into nitric acid and nitrate of lime by the in-
fluence of the severe thunder-storms in the rainy season , and possibly also by the
active chemical influence of the sun’s rays at other seasons. The nitrate of lime so
formed is probably a^ain decomposed by solution of carbonate of potash, firiving rise
to nitrate of potash, the solution of which is drawn to the surface of the earth in the
ordinary course of evaporation, where it crystallizes and is gathered by the wrawallah^
The small amount of chloride of sodium associated with the nitre is also probably
derived from the urine.
“ The evidence in favour of this theory is —
“ That no other known source of nitre exists.
** That nitre is found only in and near populous villages ; that it con-
tinues to be found on the same spot of ground so long as it is
inhabited, and gradually ceases when a village is deserted.
** Thirdly . — That the process is imitated successfully in some of our India jails,
where the expense of removing urine to a distance has been avoided
by setting apart a plot of ground to receive it ; lime is then added
to this, in case it does not exist in the soil naturally, and all the
revise wood-ashes are thrown in the same place. Nitre is formed,
collected, and manufactured for sale to cover the cost of produc-
tion.'’
Dr. Palmer^s statement that nitre is only produced under the con-
ditions above indicated, is possibly open to exception, the salt being
sometimes, perhaps, formed under somewhat different, although more or
less analogous, conditions. Thus, Dr. Heifer describes a great limestone
cave on the Tenasserim river, which is the habitation of thousands, and
perhaps hundreds of thousands, of bats,^^ the long-continued presence of
which has led to the production of nitre on the floor of the cave.^ In
this case, however, the source of the potash is not so clear. Possibly the
salt is really nitrocalcite.
The chief nitre-producing parts of India have been mentioned in the
third part of the present work, (page 499,) and it will be suflScient here
to say that Behar is by far the most important tract, while the North-West
Provinces and Oude turn out a large amount. Smaller quantities are
produced in various other parts of the country.
Soda- nitre. —Nitrate of sodium is mentioned’ as sometimes forming
one of the salts present in the efllorescence known as * reh/ so common
in many tracts of the Indo-Oangetic plain in the Upper Provinces.’ It
is developed where the soil has become loaded with organic nitrogenous
matter,^^ as in the case of nitre ; and it may perhaps be inferred that the
latter salt is generally more or less mixed with sodium nitrate, but the
present writer is not aware of any analyses of the crude material. In some
’ The province* of Ye, Tavoy, and Merg:ai, p. 85.
> W. Center ; necordi, O. S. I., Vol. XllI, pp. 260, 261.
> W. T. blanford, Pt. I, p. 418 ; V. Ball, im., Pt. Ill, p. 496.
Minenlogr.]
BORAX.
187
instances the soda salt appears to form the most important constituent
of such nitrous efflorescence. Samples of it^ from Bellary and Hyderabad,
were exhibited in the Madras Exhibition of 1857.^
Nitrocalcite.— Nitrate of calcium is considered by Dr. Palmer as an
intermediate product in the natural formation of nitre, the nitrate of
calcium first formed and the potassium carbonate of the wood-ashes
undergoing double decomposition.* Nitrocalcite, according to this view,
must be as widely difPused in India as nitre itself. It is sometimes
present in rei, but under such circumstances, as well as when present in
the more highly nitrous efflorescences utilised for nitre-making, it requires
the presence of nitrogenous organic matter in the soil for its formation.*
In the vicinity of the Yenangyoung petroleum wells, in Upper Burma,
which are sunk in clay and sand, nitrate of lime is formed abundantly
on the face of the rocks, and produces most beautiful groups of silky
acicular ciystals.^^ *
4. — Borates.
Borax. — Although borax has been reported as occurring in Kathia-
war^ and Bikanir,* nothing is known about it with certainty, and the
statements can scarcely be accepted without confirmation. All the borax
which is exported from India is brought from the Trans-Himalayan
region. The f ollowing of the available information as to the loca-
lities where it is found, and the mode of its occurrence, is taken from an
article signed " C. G. W. in Spon's Encyclopaedia of the Industrial
Arts (1880). The author appears to have consulted some authorities not
accessible to the present writer.”
** Borax (borate of soda) has been imported from Asia, from the earliest times,
under one of its local names, tinkil. Before the utilisation of the Tuscan boracio
acid, no other source than Asia was known, and even the now familiar word ‘ borax ’ is
of Arabic origin. The modern discoveries of boracic compounds in less inaccessible
parts of the world have done much to cripple the growth of the Asiatic product ; but
we still import considerable quantities from our Indian Empire. By many authorities*
’ Jury Reports, p. 5.
* Pag’O 136.
® W. Center : Records, G. S. I., Vol. Xlll, pp. 254, 260, 261.
♦ T. Oldham ; Appendix to Yule’s Mission to the Court of Ava, p. 313. The occurrence
of the salt may probably be ascribed to the labour employed at the wells.
‘ Select. Hec. Govt. Bombay, No. XVI, pp. 129, 135 ; Manual, Pt. Ill, p.498.
• R. Irvine ; Topography of Ajmere, p. 168.
’ Division II, p. B83.
" The methods used for purifying the borax are also described, though omitted here
as foreign to the scope of the present work.
1S8
GEOLOGY OF INDIA— BORAX.
[Part IV.
the lalt if stated as an Indian product ; this is not the case, it is entirely of Trans-
Himalayan orij^n. Stretching from Leh eastwards along the course of the Sutlej and
the Brahmaputra, is a line of lakes, about a thousand miles in length, more or less
explored. Many of these lakes are salt In a marked degree, have no outlet, lie at a
high altitude, and are fed in a great measure by subterranean infiltration. Those
situated in Ladkk and Great Tibet, are the source of the so-called * East Indian
tincal.*
** The most westerly deposits are those found in the uninhabited lake-plain of
Pugha, in the former country. It lies at an elevation of over 15,000 feet above the
sea, on the Rulangchu, a small stream full of hot springs, joining the Indus on its left
bank. The portion of the valley where the tincal is found may be roughly stated
at 2 miles in length by } mile in breadth, and, if not watered by, it is at least under
the influence of, hot springs, whose temperatures in four places vary from 54° to 75°
(120° — 167° F.),’ while the temperature of the stream fed by them reaches 13° (56° F.) in
J uly. A sulphur mine exists on the banks of the stream, and numbers of coarse garnets
are found in the neighbourhood. The deposit of impure borax, locally known as
9ohaga^ has a thickness of several feet. It does not effloresce on the surface of the
soil, as has sometimes been said ; nevertheless a saline efflorescence, composed princi-
pally of sulphate and sesquicarbonate of soda, with more or less chloride of sodium,
always indicate the existence of the subjacent beds of borax. The natives exhibit con-
siderable skill in removing the valueless efflorescence and collecting the borax beneath,
employing a kind of wooden spoon or spatula. The gathering of the mineral cannot
be carried on at all times ; on the contrary, each crop, as it may be termed, is depend-
ent upon a catalytic action resulting from wet and subsequent evaporation, and
having the effect of separating the borax from its impurities. The borax appears as
a greasy substance, in a confused crystalline mass, of yellowish-green to dirty-white or
gray colour, and is divided by the natives into three qualities. These, according to
somewhat untrustworthy evidence, have about the following composition : No. 1.
pure borax, from 68 to 85 per cent ; chloride of sodium, 4 to 5 per cent. ; sulphate of
soda, traces to 6 per cent. No. 2. pure borax, 50 to 72 per cent. ; chloride of sodium,
5 to 6 per cent ; sulphates of soda and lime, 10 to 20 per cent. This latter is in a
powdeiy form. These two qualities are said to be generally mixed together, so as to
yield an average of 70 to 72 per cent of borax. The third quality is too impure for
removal, and is left at the surface to cleanse itself by the natural process already men-
tioned. As artificial flooding has never been resorted to, the harvesting operation
must be postponed till the occurrence of a natural downfall, which, at this elevation,
usually takes the form of snow. The moisture sinks into the earth, taking up the
impurities in its passage, as they are much more soluble than the borax. Under the
influence of the sun, the soil dries up again, and the dissolved salts effloresce on the
surface, while the borax, thus naturally (partially) purified, remains below. About
ten or twelve days are allowed to lapse, after the downfall ceases, before the gather-
ing of the crop is commenced. During the hot months of July and August, the produc-
tion could probably be much increased or hastened by artificially flooding the ground.
Frost causes a total suspension of operations for a great part of the year. The depth
to which the borax-yielding earths extend has never been ascertained ; but there is no
doubt that they must exist in enormous, probably inexhaustible, quantities. The thick-
ness of each crop of borax does not exceed about 2 or 3 inches, the effect of the catalytic
action being limited to that depth ; the lower portion of the deposit, which is still
impure, is exposed to the surface by the removal of each crop. The quality of the
borax earth is roughly judged by its hardness and weight. One man can collect a
» The hottest spring had a temperature of 17ff* F. in 1864 (Memoirs, Q. S. I., Vol. V,
page 168).
WOLFBAM.
189
Minendogy,]
maund (about SOlb) in a day ; it is filled into little woollen bags, bolding abont 25 to
soft each.”
• •••••
** Passing eaetwarde from the Pngba district, the next important source of borax is
the lakes of Kudokh, where a superior quality, locally termed ehu tsali (water borax),
is found. The interval between this point and the large lake of Tengri-Nur is not
much known. The Pangong lake is reported saline ; near Lumadodmo, are several
small saline lakes, and in the vicinity are hot springs possessing medicinal properties ;
the Purang Ch&ka lake is saline, and great quantities of borax, locally termed 5w/, are
found lying all around it, in beds varying from 2 to 10 feet in thickness, and of light,
loose consistency ; at Hissik Chfika, is a small saline lake ; and, at Tong Cho Clhfika, a
much larger one. It is impossible to say whether any borax will be found in those
lakes which are simply recorded as saline. The chain of saline lakes is terminated on
the east by the Tengri-Nur, lying to the north of Lhasa (nearly 100 miles), and at an
elevation of over 16,000 feet. The lake is of very considerable size, and is encompassed
on all sides by rocky hills. Very few streams flow into the lake, whose waters are
principally supplied by springs, and are subject to very little rise or fall. There is no
outlet. The crude borax, or Uhoochalt as it is called by the Tibetans (teliya in the
plains), is deposited in the bed of the lake, never in dry ground nor in high situations,
nor universally distributed over the lake bed even, but only on the borders of the lake,
and in the shallowest depths. The bed of the lake is said to deepen gradually towards
the centre, where great quantities of common salt are found, the depths being as com-
pletely monopolised by that substance as the shallows are by the borax. This latter is
dug up in large crystalline masses, which are afterwards broken for convenience in trans-
port. Here, as elsewhere, the supply seems inexhaustible, inasmuch as the holes from
which the mineral is extracted soon become refilled. The lake is frozen as early as
October, and remains so for a great portion of the year, during which operations are
suspended. Borax is also found by the lake Bui Cho, a little to the north of the
Tengri-Nur. It measures about 6 miles by 5 miles, and has no outlet; gey sirs, or
spouting hot springs, are found in the neighbourhood. The same saline deserts are
found in Tartary, on the territory of the Mongols of Tsaidam. Holes 2 or 3 feet deep
are dug in the arid, sterile soil, wherein the tincal collects and is periodically gathered.
Southwards again from Lhasa is another lake, the Yamdok Cho or Palte, over 13,(X)0
feet above sea-level, whence borax has been obtained from time immemoriaL"
Fig. 36 (after Levy) represents a crystal of borax from Tibet.^
5. — Tungstates, Molybdates.
Wolfram. — According to Captain Tremenheere, *‘The presence of
tungstate of iron with stream tin in the Mergui province is very com-
mon ; it has apparently an extensive distribution in some of tdie minor
ranges near the sea, and becomes mixed with the tin in the beds of
streams, after both are detached from their original sites. Nearly all the
specimens of ore brought by Mr. Corbin last year from Malewan, on the
Fakchan river, contain it in such abundance as would most likely inter-
fere materially with the profitable working of the tin in many of those
« Schrauffl Atlas der Krystall-formen.
IM
OBOLOGV OF INDIA— THENARDITB.
[Part IV.
localities. It was not present with the stream tin procured last year
from the Thebawlick^ the Thengdon> and other rivers east of the 'town of
Tenasserim/' The stream tin obtained near Yahmon hilb about 20 miles
south-south-east from Merg^ui^ is particularly mentioned as containing
wolfram, a large sample yielding on analysis 29*4-6 per cent, of tungstic
acid.^ Captain Tremenheore does not assign any reason for supposing that
the wolfram and tinstone are not associated in one matrix. Dr. Mason
also speaks of wolfram as a frequent associate of the Mergui stream
tin;’ but Dr. Oldham did not appear to think it so common, stating that
it is intermixed with the tin ore, to a small extent, in a few of the loca-
lilies noticed by him, but that in the majority it is absent.’
Far to the northward, wolfram has been observed at the Karen-ni
village of To-lu-lu, about 40 miles east of Toungu. It occurs in asso-
ciation with tinstone, which forms irregular lodes at the junction of
indurated slate and lines of quartz by which the slate is penetrated.^
It may probably be inferred that wolfram is of frequent occurrence
throughout the extent of the great belt of stanniferous country, noticed
under cassiterite.
Wnlfenite. — ^There is a specimen of this mineral, in the form of
small wax-yellow crystals, on quartz, in the museum, which was obtained
in the Karen-ni country, Toung-ngu/'
6.— Sul phates.
I.— Anhydrous.
Thenardite. — The water of the Sambhar lake (and other salt lakes in
Rajputana?) contains a considerable amount of sodium sulphate, which
causes a good deal of trouble during the manufacture of salt, owing to
its crystallizing out from the mother-liquor under certain* conditions of
concentration and temperature. It would appear that the sulphate
formed is mostly the hydrous salt (mirabilite or Glauber ^s salt), but the
anhydrous, or thenardite, also crystallizes out, the conditions necessary
for its production being different from those required for the formation
of Glauber^s salt, and involving, apparently, a higher temperature of the
sun-heated solution. Mr. Adam remarks that, attached to the crystals
of commm salt, are sometimes numbers of anhydrous, opaque, prismatic
' Jour. As. Soc. Bengal, Vol. XI, p. 848.
^ Natural Produrtions of Bunna, p. 51.
* Select. Rec. Govt. India, No. X, p. 63.
♦ E. O'Riley ; Jour. Roy. Geog. Soc., Vol. XXXII, p. 208.
QLAUBERITE.
141
Mineralogy.]
crystals of sulphate of soda which have been formed at a high temper-
ature/' ^ A solution saturated at about 85^ C. (95^ F.)j which is about
the temperature of maximum solubility^ deposits crystals of the anhy-
drous salt when heated some degrees higher/ or to a temperature easily
attainable under the circumstances.
Thenardite is probably mixed with the Glauber's salt of rehj as a
result of efflorescence/
Barite is known to occur in the Kurnool^ Jabalpur, Ajmere^ and
Simla districts, and in Rewah (Pt III> p. 473). Within the last
year or two it has been discovered, by Dr. Warth, on the Mussooree
cart-road, 2 miles from Rajpur ; and in one bed of the Salt range cupri-
ferous shales, noticed under chalcocite, radiated balls of the mineral in
question occur in abundance.^ It has also been found, in association with
galena and quartz, on Maingay's island, in the Mergui archipelago/
Celestite has been found sparingly in Lower Sind, and at Surdag
in the Salt range (Pt. Ill, p. 474). One or two crystals, from the
former locality, in the museum, are more than two inches long and nearly
as broad, and show the faces Poo. ooP. OP.
Anhydrite. — Massive white anhydrite, containing cleavable portions
here and there, occurs, in association with gypsum, in the lower part of
the Spiti valley, in the Punjab Himalayas. In the gypsum of the
Salt range, large nodular cores of calcium sulphate, containing only 5
per cent, of water, and which are harder, of a higher specific gravity than,
and somewhat different in colour from, the enclosing gypsum, have been
noticed.®
Anglesite occursi n small quantity, associated with galena, in the
Taraghar mine at Ajmere.*^ Choice and beautiful specimens of carbon-
ates and sulphates of lead from the lead mines at A jmere " are men-
tioned as having been sent to the Asiatic Society in 1864.®
Glauberite was discovered, by Dr. Watth, in fissures of the salt at
the Mayo mines in the Salt range/ The mineral occurs in crusts formed
of brownish, and nearly colourless, transparent crystals, and also on cubes
of rock-salt. The crystals have been examined by W. Schimper, who
remarks that they are of exactly the same type as those from Westergeln,
^ B. M. Adam, Inland Customs Administration Report, 1870-71, p. 126; B. Irvine,
Topography of A jmere, p. 168.
^ Treatise on Chemistry, by Roseoe aud Schorloinmer, Vol. ll,p. 117.
• Page 142.
^ A. Fleming, Jour. As. Soc. Bengal, Vol. XXII, p. 257 ; W. Theobald, IM,, Vdl.
XXIII, p. 661.
• M. Fryar : Indian Economist, Vol. IV, p. 44.
• A. B. Wynne: Memoirs, Q. S. I., Vol. XIV, p. 74,
^ B. Irvine : Topography of Ajmere, p. 166.
^ J. C. Brooke : Jour. As. Soc. Bengal, Yol. XXXIII. p. 520.
® Memoirs, G. S. I., Vol. XIV, p. 80.
GEOLOGT OF IMDU-VIRABILITB.
[Put 17.
near Magdebuig. The predominant faces are OP. and — P., while
ooPoo. and ooP. are much smaller (fig. 87). The following new faces
(also small) were observed on a few crystals (fig. 88) ,
IPoo.
Tbe angle OP. ^ P. could only be approximately measured, as
OP. was much crumbled ; the result obtained was 28° 46'. According
to Zepharovich’s values for the axes, it would be 27° 57'. On the other
hand, the faces of the two new clinodomes were even and bright, and the
following angles could be more accurately determined ^ : —
Obtenred. Calcnlated.
2 Poo. A 2 Soo. = 55° 27' 55° 27'
I Poo. A 2 Poc. = 29° 66' 29° 58'
Snlpluiteof magnesium and potassium (?) — The potassium and
magnesium salts from the Mayo mines, alluded to under sylvite,* oon-
sisted partly of sylvite and kieserite, partly of a colourless salt which was
analysed by Mr. Tween with the following result *
Magnesium sulphate
•
•
•
•
•
. 68*02
Potassium sulphate
•
•
a
a
. 3«*00
Potassium chloride
•
•
• 3 80
Water
•
•
•
•
•
•
. *62
100 44
Omitting the potassium chloride (doubtless intermixed sylvite) and
water, this gives—
L
11 .
Magnesium sulphate
• • •
. 60*43
67*97
Potassium sulphate
• • •
a 33*57
42*03
100*00
100-00
— figures which do not accurately correspond to any simple ratio between
the bases, although not very widely difEerent from (^Mg+iKj) SO 4 , the
calculated ratio for which is given in column 11 .
IL— Hydrous Sulphates.
Hirabilite. — ^The saline efflorescence known as reh^ so common in
many parts of tbe lndo>Gangetic plain of the North-Western Provinces,
* ZeitaehriA fiir KiyitaUogrsphie mid Hineialogie, VdL I, p. 70. Tbe soglei given
are tboee between the normals of tbe respective ^anes.
*P»ge 88.
* MemoitS, G. 8. 1., Vol. XIV, p. 80.
« W. T. Blanford, Ft. 1, p. 418 ; V. IMI, IM., Pt. Ill, pp. 405. 406.
KIESSBITE.
US
Mineialogy.]
the Punjab and Bijpot&na> conaists mainly of salphatej chloride, and car-
bonate of sodium. The relative proportions of the dilEerent salts, however,
vary immensely. In some cases there is as much as 75, or even 97, per
cent, of Glauber^s salt to 26 or 3 of chloride, while other samples have
yielded on analysis only *4 per cent, of the former.^ At Cawnpore the
crude material is said to yield half its weight of sulphate in the ordinary
course of manufacture.* Probably in most cases the Glauber^s salt is
mixed with a varying proportion of thenardite, owing to efflorescence.
It may be suspected, indeed, that in the hot weather the latter is often the
chief salt present.
A considerable amount of sodium sulphate is contained in the
water of the Sambhar lake (and other salt lakes of Rajputana ?), as
previously noticed under thenardite.^
Gypsum is known to occur in numerous parts of India, and in
rocks of various ages, including the palseozoic strata of the Salt range, on
the one hand, and some alluvial deposits on the other, while in certain
spots the mineral is being now deposited from hot springs. (Pt. Ill,
p. 460.)
Within the last few years the mineral has been reported from some
new localities.
About 7 miles north-north-west of Kagor, in Jodhpur, there is a bed
of gypsum, probably not less than 5 feet thick, in the alluvium. Mr.
Oldham believes it to have been formed in a salt lake. The same sub-
stance is said to occur also at Dakoria and Bhaddana, but whether it is
continuous between those places has not been determined.^ The Nagor
gypsum is dug to some extent, and is used in the Jaipur School of Art,
but only for coarser purposes, as the plaster made from it is inferior to
that imported from England.
Gypsum is described as occurring in some abundance near Mussooree
in the lower part of the limestone.^ Endless quantities of excellent
quality^' are said to exist at Khatuii, in North-Eastern Baluchistan. In
the crevices of the oil-bearing rocks there, crystals of selenite are found,
often containing small globules of both solid and liquid petroleum.^^ ®
Gypsum has also been reported from more than one locality in
Afghanistan, where it occurs in jurassic and tertiary rocks.’'
Eieserite was discovered in the Mayo salt mines, by Dr. Warth,
> Select. Bee. Govt. India, No. XLII, pp. 81, 82.
s Trans. Mod. Phjs. Soo. Calcutta, Yol. V, p. 488.
« Page 140.
« MSS. Report, 1885-86.
» H. Warth : Indian Forester, Vol. X, p. 116.
« R. A. Townsend : Records, G. S. I., Vol. XIX, pp. 208, 210.
7 C. L. Griesbach: Records, G. S. I., Vol. XIX, pp. 251. 252, 255, 258.
144
GEOLOGY OF INDIA— BL(EDITE.
[Part IV.
under the circamstances noticed in connection with sylvite.^ The mineral^
which was mixed with sylvite and rock-salt, occurred in grains with a
TnaTimum diameter of about half an inch. It was colourless, and possessed
the same hardness and cleavage as the Hallstadt kieserite. Parts of it
seemed to be compact. It was found to contain 12*99 per cent, of water,
the calculated proportion being 13*04. The kieserite changed into ep-
somite, in a moist atmosphere, so that specimens in which it predominated
became quite disintegrated at the surface, and presented a constantly
deciduous coating. Mr. Tween^s analysis, already quoted, gave magne-
sium sulphate 7*78, water 2*10, which is equivalent to kieserite 8*95,
water 0*93, the latter being perhaps due to the alteration just noticed.
Besides being mixed with the sylvite, kieserite also prevailed through
7 feet of the kallar^ or impure rock-salt, band beneath.*
Blcedite.— The discovery of this mineral is also due to Dr. Warth, It
was found in fissures of the rock-salt in the Varcha (or Wurcha) mine,
in the Salt range, about 30 miles west-north-west from Shahpur. The
mineral occurs in colourless, more or less perfectly transparent crystals,
with smooth faces and sharp edges ; some are of very large size, as much
as 4 inches x 3 x li or 2. They have been described by W. Schimper,®
who remarks that they are of exactly the same type as those from
Stassfurt previously described by G. Vom Rath, and represented his
figure 21.* The faces observed on the Varcha crystals (fig. 39) are as
follow
OP. \
Poo /
— P. r Predominant.
ooP.
ooP2.J
ooPoo.
ooPoo.
ooPS.
ooP2.
-f-2Poo.
+ P.
+ 2P2
— 2P2 ‘
All the above faces were observed on the Stassfurt mineral, with the same
relative degree of development. The angles of the Varcha crystals
> Page 88.
» Memoirs^ G. S. I., VoL XIV, p. 80.
* Zeitaohrift fiir Kryatallographie und Mineralogie, Vol. L P- 70.
Mineralogy.] MELANTERITS.
145
mostly coincided^ to within one minute^ with the observations of Groth
and Hintze on those from Stassfurt. In addition two new forms were
observed^ though only subordinatej—
1st.
2nd.
Measared.
Calculated.
oo$3.
go¥3.AooP2. =
go 7 .
6® 47'
oo53. Aoo5oo. = .
t 13® 49'
14° 7'
ltol4® 8'
+S4.
+P4.A5cx).=
6° 93'
6 ° 8 '
Mr. Drew describes ^^a layer of a hard, colourless, translucent sub-
stance, which seems to be a mixture of sulphate of magnesia with a com-
pound of soda/^ over an area of a few square yards here and there, on
the plain bordering the salt lake of Rupshu.^ Is this blccdite (?), a sub-
stance which is known to exist at the salt lakes near Astrakan.
Epsomite. — Magnesium sulphate is frequently present in reh} In
the western part of the Chanda district, beneath the recent conglomerates
and ossiferous gravels, there is a brownish-yellow clayey sandstone, con-
taining a certain amount of saline matter, which effloresces at the out-
crop. Two samples prepared by lixiviation and evaporation afforded
on an analysis’—
Sodium chloride
,
•
. 82*89
87-58
Magnesium sulphate .
.
• <
. 1602
11-86
Clay and organic matter •
•
•
. 1*60
1*40
100*51
100*84
Epsomite exists in considerable quantity in the Phurwalla salt mine,
in the Salt range, impregnating, and efflorescing from, a bed of marl at
least 7 feet thick. It is also found, although in smaller quantity,
in the other mines, occurring in the thin seams of marl which sometimes
separate the good salt layers from each other.*
The mineral occurs plentifully in some parts of the Lower Spiti
valley, in the Punjab Himalayas, as an efflorescence on pyritous slate
and a similar efflorescence has been noticed on alluvial clay in the Nico-
bars,*
Melanterite.— Ferrous sulphate is a not uncommon product oE the
> Jummoo and Kashmir Territories, p. 800.
> ViAe page 142 ; W. Center: Records, G. S. I., Yol. XlII, p. 261.
^ T. Oldham : Central Provinces Gazetteer, p. xlv.
•* H. Warth : Inland Customs Administration Report, 1859-70, Appendix H, pp. 155, 160.
‘ Memoirs, G. S. I., Vol. V, p. 160.
* U, Rink : Select. Rec. Govt. India, No. LXXVII, p. 136.
146
GSOLOOT OF INDIA-ALtJNOQEir.
CPtftlT.
decomposition of pyrites, ooourring generally as an efflorescence on tbe
ontcrop of rocks a considerable quantity of tbe latter mineral.
Very often it is mixed with ferric snlphate. It is found at the Khetri
copper mines, in Shekawati j * in the hills of the Kaknr district, in
Afghanistfin ; ' in the Rdmganga and Garjia valleys, :n Knmaon;^ on
the outcrop of the Bijigarh (Vindhyan) shales of the Kaimur table-land;*
in tbe valley of the Langyen, a stream which flows into the Diyun
branch of the Kopili, in Central Assam ; and at the headwaters of the
Attaran river, in Tenasserim.* The mineral is described as occurring
in considerable quantity at nearly all the above localities, and at the
Khetri mines, the Kakur district, and the Kaimur plateau, it is collected
and sent into tbe market, after purification.
Goslarite. An efflorescence of zinc sulphate is said to occur “ gene-
rally through the volcanic region" of the Ghorband valley, in Afghan-
isUin**
The present writer has been informed by Mr. Oriesbach that there
are no recent volcanic rocks in the Ghorband valley, and the statement
respecting the occurrence of zinc sulphate requires confirmation.
Chalcanthite. Sulphate of copper exists in considerable abundance
in the copper mines of Khetri, in Shekawati," being there, as elsewhere,
the result of the oxidation of sulphuretted ores. It has also been noticed
in the Seestungee mine, in Northern Afghfinistan,® and in that of
Mangphu, in the Teesta valley, Darjiling district.*
Alunogen occurs in the old ‘alum shale' mines at Mharr, in
forming seams, some an inch and a half, or perhaps more, in width,
which are composed of silky fibres perpendicular to the walls of the
seam.“ A fine specimen of the mineral, occurring in similar seams
through a dark slate, and associated with melanterite, was recently pre-
sented to the museum by Dr. Warth. It was obtained from a drift in
the (nummnlitic) coal mine near Pid, in the Salt range. Tlie alum-
inous salt of the ‘ alum shales’ which have been worked in several parts
of India is probably in most cases alunogen, as, in the manufacture of
alum nitre is added to supply the jwtassic element of the compound (Pt.
Ill, p. 431).
1 J. C. Brooke ; Jour. Ab. Soc, Bengal, Vol. XXXIII, p. 629.
2 T. Hutton : Calcutta Jour. Nat. Hist., Vol. VI, p. 697.
« J. D. Herbert : Asiatic BeBearches, Vol. XVllI, Pt. I, p. 229.
« F. R. Mallet: Memoirs, G. S. 1., Vol. VII, p. 121.
‘ B. Riley : Jour. Indian Archipelago, VoL III, p. 896.
• P. B. Lord : Jour. As. Soc. Bengal, Vol. VII, p. 686,
’ J. C. Brooke : Ihid.t Vol. XXXIll, p. 626.
** Drummond ; Ibid , Vol. X, p. 77.
• Meuiuirs, O. S. I., Vol. XI, p. 8.
liinendogy.] HISLOPITE. 147
The sulphate of aluminium obtained in Nepal ^and Kumaon, and
known as Hdajii (Pt. p. 436) and which is described as being soluble
in water^ is perhaps alunogen. It must^ however, be a different saltj if the
composition^ as given by Mr. Stevenson and Dr. Campbell (95 and 66
per cent, of (anhydrous ?) aluminium sulphate) be correct.
Salinite occurs as an aggregate of minute crystals, forming veins up
to 8 inches in thickness, in the native sulphur mine at Puga, in
Ladakh.1
'Alum shales^ occur in several parts of India, but, as remarked
under the preceding mineral, the salt contained in them is probably,
in most cases, alunogen.
7. — Carbonates.
I.— Anhydrous.
Calcite— — No very remarkable crystallized forms of cal-
cite appear to have been met with in India. The most noticeable crys-
tals, perhaps, are those which occur in the Deccan trap. They are especi-
ally common in the interior of quartzose geodes,’ but also occur in
association with zeolitic minerals. The crystals hitherto noticed have
been rhombohedrons (R. & — ^R.) and scalenohedrons (dog-tooth spar).
Cleavable.—In some eases the quartzose geodes just mentioned are
completely filled with calcite, and, in others, cavities in the trap are
entirely occupied by the latter mineral in a cleavable form. It occurs of
various tints : colourless and transparent, (although the writer is not aware
that any is ever found sufficiently pellucid for optical purposes) ; pale
yellow ; and dark brown, or black.*
A vein of “ rhombohedral ” (cleavable?) calcspar, traversing lime-
stone and not less than 20 yards broad, has been noticed in the Belgaum
district.’ Similar veins, from a few inches, to a foot or two, in width,
have been found in the gneissose rocks south of Raniganj, and worked
on a rather considerable scale for lime.^
HUlopite . — This name was given, by Dr. Haughton, to a grass-green
variety of cleavable calcite, owing its colour to enclosed glauconite, and
which is found in the Deccan trap.
1 F. B. Mallet : Memoirs, G. S. 1., Vol. V, p. 163.
3 W. H. Sykes: Trans. Geol. Soc., 2ud Ser., Vol. IV, p. 425.
« A. Aytoun : Trans. Bom. Goog. Soc., Vol. XI. p. 44.
* T. W. U. llugbcs : Beoords, Q. S. 1., Vol. VII, p. 124.
US
OEOLOGT OF INDIA— CALC-TUFA.
[Put IV.
When the mineral is treated with dilute hydrochloric acid, the
calcite is dissolved, and a skeleton of glauconite remains. The author
quoted found the specific gravity = 2*646, and obtained the following
result on analysis
Calcinm earboiiHte 8079
Magnesium carbonate trace
Glauconite 16*68
Alumina *78
98*16
The composition of the glauconite has been previously given
The specimen of hislopite examined by Dr. Haughton was from
Takli (near Nagpur?).* Colonel Sykes noticed a mass of the mineral^
2 feet in diameter, at Gorgaon, north of Aklapur, in the Ahmadnagar
district.*
Fihrom calcite forms seams some inches in width, in the intertrappean
beds of the Deccan trap. The fibres run perpendicularly to the walls
of the seam, and are often so fine and silky as to constitute true satin
spar. There are specimens in the museum from Dodchi, in the Narbada
valley, and from the Wardha district.
" Fibrous limestone is described, by Dr. McClelland, as occurring,
amongst the transition rocks, at the north-eastern extremity of the
Oudepore mountains, and in the valley of Barabice, in Kumaon. The
strata are usually thin, and the whole bed seldom occupies more than a
few feet in thickness.’^*
Calc4ufa. — Immense masses of this substance are met with in many
parts of the country, having been deposited by dripping or running water
holding calcium bicarbonate in solution. The largest accumulations are
formed on or below limestone or dolomite, but considerable masses arc also
found which have derived their material from rocks containing but a small
proportion of lime, which has been gradually leached out in the course of
time. As cases in point. Dr. Warth states that beautiful accumulations
of calcareous tufa are seen at Sahansra Dhara, at the Mossy falls, Bliatta
falls, Kempti falls, and other waterfalls which are often visited from
Mussooree,^' the material having been derived from dolomitic limestone.*
Very large masses occur along the base of the dolomite hills in the West-
> Page m.
* Phil. Mag,, 4th Ser., Vol. XVII, p. 16; Vol. XXIII, p. 60; Jour. Roy. Dublin Soc.
Vol. II (1858.59), p. 176.
* Trans. Geol. Soo., 2nd Ser., Vol. IV, p. 425.
* Geology of Kumaon, p. 125.
^ Indian Forester, Vol. X, p. 115.
Mineralogy.] LIMESTONE. 149
ern Dudrs.^ Although deriving their material from dolomite, containing
nearly 40 per cent, of magnesium carbonate,* ** they are formed of nearly
pure carbonate of calcium, as is shown by the following analyses by
Mr. Tween
Porona tufa. CrysUllioe tnl^
Calcium carbonate ....
,
. 9810
98-60
Magnesium carbonate
,
1-30
1-60
Oxide of iron, alumina, and insoluble .
•
>80
•06
100*20
100*06
The water which deposits such masses as those at Mussooree and in
the Duars, is so highly charged with lime as to form petrifying springs
and rivulets; the beds of the streams, and everything in them— stones,
leaves, twigs, &c. — are all encrusted with tufa.*
As an instance of tufa formed where limestone is absent, the masses
which occur about many of the waterfalls over the Bewah and Kaimur
escarpments may be mentioned. Although some of the streams traverse
the Bhanrer limestone and calcareous shales, others flow over sandstone
only.*
Stalactite differs from calc-tufa merely in its outward form, the
latter being deposited by water running or trickling over the surface ; the
former by water dropping, with a free fall.
Stalactites and stalagmite are abundant in the limestone caves of
Tenasserim,® and m the similar caves of Billa Surgam, in Kurnool.®
Pec^tonCj in globular concretions, from the size of a grain of mus«
tard seed to that of a pea,^' is found in Tibet, and used there as a medi-
cine.’'
Agaric mineral, or rock-milk, is very abundant in hollows in the
soil, and in fissures in rocks of Ajmere and to the south-west. It is
geneiully composed of fine, white, dusty particles of pure carbonate of
lime.^^ s
Limedone , — A description of the very numerous limestones of India
scarcely falls within the scope of the present work, and it is the less ne-
cessary as the subject has already been treated, in considerable detail, by
Mr. Ball (Pt. Ill, p. 455). It may be remarked here, however, that
* P. R. Mallet ; Memoirs, Q. S. I., Vol. XI, p. 87.
a Page 161.
a Op. cit,
* Memoii-s, G. S. I , Vol. VII, p. 116.
a B. Riley, Jour. Indian Archipelago, Vol. Ill, pp. 397, 743 ; P. Mason, Natural
Productions of Burma, p. 29.
* R. B. Pooto : Records, O. S. I., Vol. XVIII, p. 227.
^ Stevenson : Jour. As. Soc. Bengal, Vol. IV, p. 520.
** R. Irvine: Topography of Ajmere, p. 167.
ISO
GEOLOGY OF INDIA^OOLOMITB.
[Ftetn.
Fome of the rocfcs in question are of extreme parity, in illuatration of
which the following analyses are quoted
I.
II.
III.
IV.
Calcium carbonate
•
• 99*08
98*790
9860
99*64
Magnesium carbonate
•
• -26
•6S4
•55
...
Alumina
• ... %
•105
Oxide of iron .
•
. *50 >
•80
•08
Oxide of manganese .
•
•20
aae
...
...
Insoluble
•
•
•005
*66
* -88
99-99
99-584
100-00
100-00
I. — Carboniferous limestone ; Thaungyin valley, Tenasserim.^
II. — Cretaceous (?) limestone ; south-east of Tsetama, Bamri island,
Arakan.*
III. — Nummulitic limestone; Chela, at debouchure of Bogap^ni,
Kh&si hills.*
IV. — iiid., Rohri, Sind.*
CAaU.— -The occurrence, in Afghan Turkistan, of true chalk with
flints, similar to that of England, has been recently recorded by Mr.
Griesbach. Together with shell limestone, it constitutes the highest beds
of the upper cretaceous rocks, forming about one third of the total thick-
ness of the group.*
Kankar.^Tikis concretionary form of more or less impure calcium
carbonate, which is found in the alluvial deposits of India, and especially
in the older ones, ought not to be omitted in a description of the mineral
under discussion. It has, however, been already described in the preced-
ing parts of this work (Pt. I, p. 381; Ft. Ill, p. 471).
Coral, — The same remark applies to the coral which is found on so
many parts of the Indian coast, and forming islands in the Indian seas
(Pt. I, p. 376 ; Pt. II, p. 735 ; Pt. Ill, p. 470).
Dolomite. — Hopper-shaped pseudomorphous casts, after salt crystals,
have been observed in dolomitic layers occurring in the gypsum of the
Salt range.* No other very remarkable crystallized forms of this mineral
have been recorded, but as a rock it occurs abundantly in strata of various
ages.
Thus, Mr. Foote has described the occurrence of great masses of dolo-
mite, occurring in beds of great thickness, in the metamorphic rocks near
Goa.* Dolomite has also been noticed in similar rocks at Khorari, near
> R. Romanis : Report on Minerals of Tenasserim, p. 4.
a T. Blyth, MSS.
^ HLra Lai, MSS.
« Records, G. S. 1., VoL XIX, pp. 253, 254.
a A. B. Wynne : Memoirs, G. 8. 1., Vol. XIV, p. 74.
• Memoirs, G. S. 1., Vol. XII, p. 55.
DOLOMITE.
151
Mineialogj.]
Nag^pur ^ (which is perhaps the same as Korhldi^ where coarsely crys-
talline saccharoid dolomite ** occurs *) ; at Dhelwa, north of Odwan, in
Hdzaribigh ; * and in the southern part of the Mirzapur Districts
The following analyses have been made
I.
IL
HI.
IV.
V.
Calcium carbonate
. 6e>4
61*80
64*35
68«6
64*68
Magnesium carbonate •
34*8
88*20
42*07
46-78
84*14
Ferrous carbonate
.
*84
'58
Oxide of iron
8*6
• •s
*68
• ••
...
Water A organic matter
4-0
• ••
...
sts
...
Insoluble .
2*2
2*90
1*00
•76
1010
10000
100*00
100 97
100*16
I. — Near Goa ; light-gray saccharoid. With the oxide of iron is also
included a little alumina and oxide of manganese.
II. — Korhadi j as above = (^Ca + ^Mg) COg
III. — Dhelwa ; light gray crystalline. Corresponds nearly to (JCa
+ iMg) CO3.
IV. — Bichi river, South Mirzapur ; white crystalline. Corresponds
to (iCa + iMg) CO3.
V. — North of Pararwa, South Mirzapur; white, rather coarsely
crystalline. Corresponds to (fCa -f I^Mg) COj.
Dolomite is especially abundant in the transition rocks of some tracts.
It is common in the Jabalpur District, as at the celebrated marble rocks
is largely quarried, for marble, near Kankraoli, in Meywar;^ forms a
magnificent band of rock in the Western Duars 'P and, together with
talcose schist, &c., constitutes the gangue at several of the copper mines
in Kumaon and Qarhwal.^
The following analyses may be quoted : —
L
11.
III.
CHlcium enrbonate
.
. 65*48
59*7
605
Maguesiuin carbonate .
.
• 43*55
37*8
38*7
Ferrous carbonate
• *36
•••
...
Oxide of iron and alumina
.
• •••
1*0
} •»
Insoluble , • . .
•
. *61
'8
100*00
998
99*5
. W. Voysey : Asiatic Researches, Vol. XVIII, Pt. 1, pp.
127, 201.
* S. Haughton ; Phil. Mag., 4th Ser., Vol. XVII, p. 16.
* F. R. Mallet : Records, G. S. I., Vol. VII, p. 34.
« ifiid.. Vol. V, p. 19 ; Vol. VI, p. 42.
‘ P. R. Mallet : Records, Q. S. I., Vol. XVI, p. 113.
J. Hardie : Asiatic Researches, Vol. XVIII, Pt II, p. 78.
* F. B. Mallet : Memoirs, G. S. 1., Vol. XI, pp. 34, 83.
« £. T. Atkinson : Economic Mineralogy of Hill Tracts, pp. 21, 22, 23, 25, 26, 27.
162 OEOLOOT OP INDIA— MAGNESITE. [Fkrt 17.
L—Marble rocks; white saccharine. Corresponds to (iCa + iMg)
COg. A block was sent to the late Fhris Exhibitioni and pro-
nounced to be equal to Italian marble for statuary purposes.^^ ^
II. — Light gray saccharoid. Titi river. Western Du&rs.*
III. — White, almost crypto-crystalline. Titi river. The excess of
lime over the normal ratio, in II and III, is due to crystals
of calcite, which line little dnisy cavities in the dolomite.
The limestone, of undetermined age, at Naini Tal and Mussooree,’ is
mainly dolomitic, as is shown, with reference to the latter place, by the
analyses quoted
I.
II.
III.
IV.
Calcium carbonate .
. 58^
50*4
48*8
66*7
Magnesium carbonate
. 88*2
47*1
46*2
88*8
Insoluble ....
4*7
•6
*8
6*1
Water, bituminous matter, and loss
8-2
2*0
2*7
8*9
100*0
100*0
100*0
100*0
ssssssss
dBBBB
I. — Fine gray. Top of CameFs-back.
II. — Dark crumbling. Near Jharipdni.
IIL— White crystallized. Ibid,
IV.— II mixture of fifty specimens of limestone and dolomite, from all
over the Mussooree range.
The Tirhowan (Lower Vindhyan) limestone * is also dolomitic, at least
in part, as shown by the figures below ® ;—
Calcium carbonate 52*86
Magneaiam carbonate 87*67
Oxide of iron and alumina 2*23
Water and organic matter 1*03
luaoluble 6*31
100*00
The examples quoted are merely given as illustrations of the occur-
rence of dolomite, not as anything approaching a complete list of the
localities where it is found.
Magnesite forms innumerable veins, in talcose, chloritic, and horn-
blendic rocks, over a large area near Salem, in the Madras presidency.
Associated with it are baltimonte, chalcedony, jasper, chromite, and talc
(Pt. Ill, p. 438).
' Catalogue of Contributions from India to the London Exhibition of 1862, p. 17.
• Memoirs, 6. S. 1., VoL XI, p. 88.
H. Wartb ; Indian Forester, Vol. X, pp. 114, 118.
* H. B. MiHllicntt ; Memoirs, Q. S. 1., Vol. II, p. 13.
^ A. Tween, MSS,
8MITH80HITK.
153
Minenlogy.]
The following analyses of the mineral have been made ; —
V
II.*
Carbonic arid ....
. 51-66
61*88
Magnesia
. 48*84
47*89
Lime
Oxide of iron and alumina • «
• traces
*28
Silica
. -80
...
Water
•80
...
101*10
100*00
Veins of magnesite are met with in the serpentine of the Arakan
range, in Burma, ^ and, under exactly similar circumstances, in Manipur.^
Impure magnesite has recently been discovered, by Captain P. Pogson,
in the dolomitic limestones of the Happy valley, near Mussooree. Dr.
Warth^s analysis afforded ® : —
Magnesium carbonate . . .
Calcium carbonate
Silica, alumina, Ac. . . .
Water, bituminous matter, and loss
•
69*1
. 13*5
. 13*2
. . 4*2
10(W»
Siderite. - Spathic iron has been noticed in association with the stib-
nite of Shigri, in Lahol.^ With limonite, it forms a vein, 4 feet
thick, at Choocoota, in Kumaon."^ It is said to occur in layers, and
irregularly dispersed, through dolomitic limestone, in the Bundi territory,
Rajputana, in association with yellow and brown ochre.®
Clay -ironstone is abundant in the * ironstone shales ' of the Ranigan j
coal-field, and is found, in the same strata, in the other fields of the
Damuda valley, although not so plentifully. The same ore has also been
met with in some other parts of India, and in rocks of a different age, as
in the tertiary coal-fields of Upper Assam (Pt. Ill, pp. 336, 869, 376,
412).
Smithsonite. — Certain specimens of fawn-coloured, ferruginous car-
bonate of zinc, which there is every reason to believe came from the old
Baswapur-Gazoopilly lead mines, in Kurnool, have been alluded to under
^ Newboldite*^ ® In outward characters, and in the associated minerals—
> J. Prinscp : Jour. As. Soc. Bcnsral, Vol. IV, p. 610.
3 Stromojor: Archiv. fur die gesamnite Naturlehre, Vol. IV, p. 432.
3 W. T. Blanford : Pt. II, p. 714.
^ K. D. Oldham : Memoirs, G. S. I., Vol. XIX, p. 225.
* Indian Forester, Vol. X, pp. 116, 118.
« Page 12.
7 W. J. Henwood : Select. Rec. Govt. India, No. VIII, p. 18.
Bdjput4na**Gazetteer, Vol. I, pp. 206, 207, 208.
* Pngo 18 ; sec nlso Records, G. S. 1., Vol. XIV, pp. 196,305.
154
QE0L06T OF INDU-CEBUSSITfi.
[FM!V.
barite, hornstoDei a dull-green crystallized mineral/^ and specks of
galena and pyrites — ^they agree in almost every respect withj and do not
disagree in any marked way from, the ore described as carbonate of iron,
lime, and cerium'' by Mr. Piddington,^ and also noticed by Captain
Newbold,* by whom the specimens, which were analysed by the former
author, were obtained in titu from the mines just mentioned. In a
qualitative examination, the present writer obtained iron, zinc, lime, and
magnesia, and, in hia opinion, there is little doubt that Mr. Fiddington
mistook zinc for cerium, an error which seems to have also occurred in
his examination of ' nepaulite.' *
Zinc is said to have been formerly obtained, in considerable quantity,
at Jawar, south of Oodeypore, in Bajputina, and there is some reason to
suppose that the ore was the carbonated
AragOBite is mentioned by Captain Newbold as one of the minerals
occurring in the Deccan trap.^ Aragonite, mixed with calcite, has been
described by Mr. Fedden as forming a vein, SO inches wide, or less, in
the trap, about lb miles north-west of Dhoraji, in E&thiaward In the
Lower Spiti valley, in the Punjab Himalayas, the d^ris from the slopes
above, and the recent or sub-recent conglomerates formed by the river,
are in several places cemented by aragonite. The mineral is pure white,
and is usually radiated-fibrous ; rarely in small radiating crystals.
Sometimes it lines cavities, in fibrous mammillary coats one or two inches
thick. Considerable masses of the mineral are to be met with occa-
sionally.^
There is a stalactite in the museum, formed of aragonite with radiate-
fibrous structure, from a limestone cave in the Kh&si hills.
Witherite.-— Rolled pieces are said to have been met with in some
streams of Bajputfina.^ The mineral is also reported to have been
found in Eulu.*
Cemssite.— A considerable number of the specimens of Indian galena
in the museum are accompanied by more or less cerussite ; but the latter
mineral has not been reported as occurring in large quantity in many
places.
It appears to exist in some quantity in the A jmere mines.*^ Choice
’ Jour. As. Soc. Bengal, Vol. XV, p. Ixii,
> Jbid^ p. 890.
* Page 80.
* Rijpnt&na Gazetteer, Vol. I, p. 15.
^ Jour. Koy. As. Soc., Vol. IX, p. 88.
* Memoirs, G. 8. 1., Vol. XXI, p. 186.
7 P. B. Mallet : Ibid,, VoL V, p. 158.
** R. Irvine : Topography of A jmere^ p. 168.
* J. Calvert : Kola ; its beauties, Ac., p. 72. *
^ C. J. Dixon ; Jour. As. Soc. Bengal, Vol. IV, p. 584.
MALAOHITB.
155
lOnmlogj.]
and beautiful specimens of carbonates and sulphates of, lead/^ obtained
there^ were sent to the Asiatic Society by Colonel Brooke.^ Carbonate
of lead is stated to occur in mass in the bed of the Houndrau river, in
Tenasserim.* A vein of cerussite, mixed with pyromorphite, has been
noticed under the latter mineral ;i and under minium a mixture of the
oxide and carbonate has been alluded to.
II.— Hydrous Carbonates.
Carbonates of sodium. — Sodium carbonate is one of the principal
ingredients of reh. As previously stated, however, the composition of
efflorescence so called varies greatly ; in some cases carbonate of sodium
is the predominant ingredient, while in others it is entirely absent.*
An efflorescence of the carbonate is also met with in many non-alluvia 1
parts of the country, as in South Arcot and Trichinopoly, where it occurs
on gneiss and cretaceous rocks.^ Sodium carbonate further exists as a
deposit from some lakes in Bikanir,* and the Lonar lake, in Berar (Ft.
Ill, p. 492).
In but few instances, however, is the exact composition of salt stated.
According to Dr. White, both neutral and sesqui-carbonate (trona) occur
in reh^ and the substance obtained from the Lonar lake is partly sesqui-
carbonate, partly neutral carbonate, and partly a mixture of the two.*^
The neutral cnrbonate of India doubtless includes both natron and
thermonatrite. The former salt is that mentioned by Dr. Irvine as
occurring in the Bikanir lakes. According to Dr. Mason, it is abundant in
the vicinity of Ava,® and it is also mentioned by other writ<*rs. In some
cases, however, the term may have been used loosely, as a synonym for
sodium carbonate generally.
Malachite is seldom altogether absent where other copper ores exist,
occurring mainly, as usual, near the surface. In some places it has been
found in considerable quantity, but none appears to have been yet
obtained of such quality as to fit it for ornamental use.
It appears to form the most abundant ore in the Nellore mines ; in
that at Ganmanipenta an immense nest was discovered.® It is said
> IW<i., Vol. XXXIII. p. 629.
> E. O’Riley : Jour. Indian Archipelago, Vol. Ill, p. 786.
> Page 142, Select Rec. Govt. India, No. XLII, p. 71.
^ H. F. Blanford : Memoirs, G. S. I., Vol. IV, p. 216.
» R. Irvine : Topography of Ajmere, p. 168.
^ Select. Rec. Govt India, No. XLII, p. 88.
7 Reynolds, Madras Jour. Lit. and 8ci., Vol. XVII, p. 14; J. E. Mayer, J6td., p. 16.
^ Natural Productions of Burma, p. 82.
• B. Heyne : Tracts on India, p. 117« Fids myaorin, page 156.
156
GEOLOGY OF INDIA— MT80BIK.
[Rurt IV.
to oocur^ in some quantity, at the copper mountain, in Bellary and
some handsome specimens of the mineral, in association with azurite,
have been obtained at Birman gh&t, on the Narbada, in the Narsingh-
pur district.* Malachite, in solid masses, compact and earthy, seldom
fibrous,^* was found in the mines of Singhbhum.* In the Shan States ** at
Bawyine and Kolen-myo the malachite appears to be of a rich de-
scription.'^ *
Jfy^orra.— A dark-coloured ore of copper, obtained by Dr. Heyne at
Ganypittah, or Oanmanipenta, in Nellore, where ** an immense nest " of
it was found,^ was examined by Dr. T. Thomson in 1813.* His description
of it is as follows
** All the specimens of this ore which I have seen are amorphous ; so that, as far
as is known at present, it never occurs crystallized. Quartz crystals indeed are
imbedded in it abundantly and very irregularly. Sometimes they are single, some-
times they constitute the lining of small cavities to be found in it. These crystals
are all translucent. In some rare cases they are colourless ; but by far the greater
number of them are tinged of a yellowish-red, and some few of them are green. The
mineral is likewise interspersed with small specks of malachite ; and with dark, brown-
ish red, soft particles, which 1 found to consist of red oxide of iron.
** The colour varies in consequence of the irregular distribution of these extraneous
substances. One specimen, which was the most free from the malachite and the red
particles, was of a dark blackish-brown colour. But in general the colour is a mixture
of green, red, and brown ; sometimes one and sometimes another prevailing. Small
green veins of malachite likewise traverse it in different directions.
** The fracture is small conchoidal, and in some parts of the mineral there is a
tendency to a foliated fracture. The lustre is glimmering, owing, 1 conceive, to the
minute quartz crystals scattered through it. The kind of lustre is resinous, and on that
account and the varieties of colours, this ore has a good deal of the aspect of
serpentine.
** It is soft, being easily scratched by the knife. It is sectile. The streak reddish-
brown. The specific gravity 2*620. *
** It effervesces in acids and dissolves, letting fall a red powder. The solution is
green or blue, according to the acid, indicating that it consists chiefly of copper."
The result of Dr. Thomson's analysis was as follows
Carbonic acid .
Peroxide of copper
Peroxide of iron
Silica
Loss
16-70
60-76
19-60
2-10
-96
100*00
^ Bellary Manual, p. 93.
* V. Ball : Records, G. 8. 1., Vol. VII, p. 62.
s M. E. Stmhr : Hid,, Vol. Ill, p. 88.
* Q. A. Strover : Metals and Minerals of Upper Banna, p. 2.
^ Tracts on India, p. 117.
* Phil. Trans., 1814, p. 45 ; Tracts on India, p. 441.
MT80E1N.
167
Mmendogy.]
The oxide of iron and silica he regarded as mechanically mixed/ and
he therefore considered the ore to be an anhydrous carbonate of copper^
and anew mineral species. It is described (in an abridged form from the
above-mentioned paper) in his Outlines of Mineralogy (7th edition, 1886)
as anhydrous bicarbonate of copper. In most works on mineralogy, of
a date subsequent to Dr. Thomson^i^ the ore is alluded to as a doubtful
species under the name of mysorin.^
Some years ago a parcel of a hundredweight, or more, of copper ore
from the same locality, Ganmanipenta, and exhibiting such a general
agreement in external characters, with Dr. Thomson's mysorin, that there
can be no reasonable doubt as to its being the same ore, was received at
the museum, and was examined by the present writer.’
The ore, as sent, occurred in irregular broken pieces of various sizes
up to about S inches diameter. It was a most heterogeneous mix-
ture, made up of over half a dozen different minerals, some of which
were, however, much more abundant than others. Taken roughly in the
order of their relative abundance, there were visible to the naked eye, or
with a lens—
The dark reddish-brown ore in question.
Malachite.
Chrysocolla.
Quartz.
Yellowish-brown ochre.
Chalcocite.
Calcite.
Somite.
Tlie most homogeneous portions of the first-named had to the naked
eye a dark reddish-brown colour, but viewed with a lens they were seen
to be finely mottled in dark brownish-red and green. A thin section,
which to the naked eye had a reddish-brown colour by reflected light,
when viewed with a lens by transmitted light, showed this mottled
structure still more plainly. The relative proportion of the two colours
varied greatly. Occasionally a patch was found in which the green was
almost absent. It was but rarely that one found a surface of a quarter of
an inch square that was not intersected by thin green seams of malachite
and chrysocolla, which traversed the ore in different directions. Specks
of chalcocite were also visible, and, very occasionally, those of bornite.
The ore contained a few small cavities, partially filled with red ochreous
oxide of iron.
^ From Mysoro. The country, however, in which it was found, lies considerably to the
cast of the Mysore territory of the present day.
* Becords, G. 8. 1., Vol. XII, p. 166.
158
GEOLOGY OF IHOU-AZUBITE.
[FtetlV.
The fragments selected for analysis yielded (after drying at 100^ Con-
Copper equiv. to *66 of S. • •
8*22
Copper mdculated aa cupaic oxide .
61*46
Ferric oxide (with tr. of Alf 0^ .
6*74
Lime • . • • •
*26
Baryta . • . • .
•66
Carbonic acid • • • .
16*18
Silicic acid ....
4*89
Phoaphoric acid • « • «
trace
Sulphuric acid • * . •
•29
Sulphur
*66
Water*
9*02
100*67
figures which are equivalent to^
Cn.
CuO.
FcsOi
CaO.
BaO.
S.
Ha 0.
Malachite •
77*02
55*65
...
•••
14*98
...
6*39
Caldte •
*46
...
...
•26
...
H
...
...
...
ChryaoeoUa
12*83
...
5*81
...
HI
4*39
...
2*63
Barite
*84
...
...
...
...
•55
HH
D
•29
• ■a
Chaloocite
2*78
2^2
...
...
...
...
WM
m
'56
• ••
Ferric oxide
6*74
...
6*74
HH
H
...
...
2*22
61*46
6*74
•26
•55
15*18
4*39
•29
•56
9*02
After deducting the cupric oxide and water equiyalent to the silica^
and the carbonic acid equivalent to the lime, there remains a residue of,
water 6*89, carbonic acid 14<*98, cupric oxide 55*65 ; quantities which
have the oxygen ratio of 1 : 1*92 : 1*97 ; the oxygen ratio in typical mala-
chite being 1:2:2* It is clear, therefore, that the ore is an impure
malachite, owing its dark colour to admiiture with ferric oxide and chalco-
cite. Some specimens, indeed, of the (Janmanipenta ore, which are
seen to be impure malachite by the eye, have a d^k colour owing to a
smaller admixture of the same kind.
Aznrite occurs, like malachite, as a result of the superficial altera-
tion of other ores. It is, however, much less common. Handsome
specimens have been obtained at Birman ghat,* and the mineral was
also found in the mines of Singhbhum.*
> The amount of water waa determined by direct weighment.
‘ Vide malachite, page 156.
* C. DurTBchmidt : Copper Mines of Singhbhum, p. SO.
Minenlogj.]
roSSlL BBSIM.
169
VI.— Hydrocarbon compounds.
Petroleum exists in Upper Burina> Fegu^ Arakan^ Upper Assam,
several parts of the Punjab^ Baluchistan^ and Afghanistan. In some of
the places mentioned it is known t6 occur in large quantities^ and in
nearly all of them the oil has been worked to a greater or less extent.
The subject has been treated in detail by Mr. Ball in the third part of
the present work (p. 124).^
Native paraflEln. — Dr. Waldie has recorded having examined speci-
mens of native paraffin which had been found in the surface of the
ground in some parts of Burma.^^ He was of opinion that it had been
separated, through natural causes, from petroleum,* which, in Upper
Burma, contains a large amount, some 10 per cent., of the substance
iu question.*
Fossil wax ? — In connection with the vegetable remains included in
the fresh-water intertrappean beds of Bombay island, a small amount of
coaly matter is found. Also portions of mineral resin, resembling ^ bat-
chetine,^ or mineral tallow, are occasionally met with; and invariably
calcspar in company with both these substances. The mineral resin is
sub-grauular, like bees^-wax, and breaks, but is too waxy to be pulverized ;
it floats in water, but sinks in alcohol ; is translucent, of a weak pearly
lustre, and of the colour of bees^-wax ; feels greasy, and is inodorous ;
dissolves readily in turpentine, but not in ether or alcohol; becomes
soft at a temperature just below 212"^ Fahr., but does not melt in boiling
water ; when exposed to a greater heat becomes very fluid, but does not
take fire until the temperature is raised, when it burns away with a
bright flame, leaving no residue.^^^ The substance does not altogether
resemble hatchetine in the action of solvents, and differs widely from it
in melting point, that of the latter material being 46° C. (114°*8F.).
Amber. — ^The only locality in India where amber is known, with
certainty, to occur, is the Hukung valley, in Upper Burma, where it is
found, in some quantity, associated with lignite (Ft. HI, p. 67).
Fossil resin.— A fossil resin, partly dark and pitchy, partly light
1 See also Eecords, G. S. I., Vol. XIX, p. 1Q5 (H. B. Medlicott) ; and, with reference
to Baluchistan, Ibid,, p. 204 (R. A. Townsend).
• Proc. As. Soc. Ben^l, 1866, p. 78.
> W. De^la Buo : Phil. Mag., 4th Sor., Vol. XIII, p. 513.
* H. J. Carter : Jour. As. Soc. Bombay, Vol. IV, p. 176.
160
GEOLOGY OF INDIA-OOAL.
[Ftet lY.
yellow and transparent, which becomes electric when rubbed, and
possesses a specific gravity of 1*087, was found, by Dr. Sink, in (tertiary?)
sandstone on Milu, in the Nicobars. It is very brittle ; insoluble in
alcohol; partially soluble in hot ether; unaltered by hot solution of
potash, and when burnt gives a smell similar to that of amber.^
The cretaceous coal of Assam is characterized by frequently contain-
ing numerous specks and small nests of yellow or brownish, trans-
parent or translucent, brittle resin.* Besin of similar appearance is
abundant in the coal of the Lenya river, in Tenasserim,* and has been
lately found, by Mr. Jones, in tlj^t of Kale, in the Chindwin valley.
Upper Burma.
Hircine.— This name was given, by Mr. Piddington, to a fossil resin
which is said to occur in the same ground as the petroleum wells of
Upper Burma, and to be obtained at a depth of 100 to 200 feet below
the surface. He described it as brown on the exterior, and brown-
yellow internally ; opaque, but slightly translucent on the edges ; tough
and elastic ; fracture hackly in small pieces, but conchoidal in the large ;
specific gravity about 1*2 ; melts in the flame of a candle ; when ignited,
it burns, and leaves a carbonaceous residue, which has a very peculiar
semi-animal odour (whence the name, from hircuSy a goat) ; softens
when boiled in water, and the powder gives off the odour alluded to with
the steam ; slightly soluble in cold alcohol ; about one half dissolves in
boiling alcohol, yielding a gold-yellow solution; dissolves in sulphuric
acid, forming a blood-red solution which, on dilution, acquires a dull,
dirty, troubled white colour.^^*
Coal exists in India in great abundance ; in formations of various
ages ; and in a very large number of fields, scattered over an immense
area. The subject, however, can scarcely be considered a mineralogical
one. It has been discussed in detail, from a geological point of view,
in the first and second parts, and, from an economic one, in the third
part, of the present work.
> Select. Bee. Govt. India, No. LXXVII, p. 128.
» H. B. Medlioott : Memoire, G. S. L, Vol. VII, p. 176.
’ T. Oldham : Select. Rec. Govt. Bengal, No. VI, p. 39.
« Jour. As. Soc. Bengal, VoL XXI, p. 76 ; Vol. XXll, p. 279.
MaanJ^gy.]
▲PPBMDn.
161
Appendix A.
Bruoite.— Within the last month a specimen has been received of a mineral
recently discovered in Afghanistan. The exact locality was not mentioned by the
British Agent at Kabul, by whom the specimen was originally sent. It consists of
white, translucent, silky, elastic fibres, some 6 to 8 inches in length, which proved,
on examination, to be nemalite, or fibrous brucite. An analysis made in the Geologi-
cal Survey Laboratory, by Mr. T. Blyth gave—
•
Oxygen ratio.
Magnesia
.
. 60-95
24*38) gg.gg
Ferrous oxide
,
. 11*14
2-47)
Water . . . .
,
. 29-32
26*06
Insoluble in HOI .
•
•38
101-79
corresponding to the formula Mg(OH )2 or MgO.HsO. The specimen is remark-
able from the unusually large proportion of ferrous oxide, by which a part of the
magnesia is replaced.
Appendix B.
Lift of tecondary minerals that have been found in the Deccan trap.
Galena occurs very sparingly in a small quartz-vein in the trap of the Gir hills
in K&thiawar (Memoirs, G. S. I., Vol. XXI, p. 134). Chalcopyrite occurs very
sparingly with the galena just mentioned.
Boch crystal, p. 63.
Milky quartz, p. 66.
Amethyst, p. 67.
Bose quartz, p. 68.
Cat's»eye [?), p. 69.
Chalcedony, pp. 70, 79.
Agate, p. 70.
Agate-jasper, p. 71.
Carnelian, p. 72.
Moss-agate, p. 73.
Mocha stone, p. 73.
Onyx, p, 73.
Sardonyx, p. 74.
Blasma, p. 76.
Jasper, p. 77.
Ejelvatrope, p. 77.
Opal, p. 80.
Bysclasite, p. 116.
Laumontite, p. 117.
Prebnite, p. 117.
Apophjllite, p. 117.
Thomsonite, p. 119.
Mesole, p. 119.
Natrolito, p. 120.
Soolecite, p. 120.
Poonahlite, p. 121.
Mesolite, p. 122.
Harringtonite, p. 122.
Analeime, p. 122.
Chabasite, p. 122.
Hypostilbite, p, 123.
Stllbite, p. 123.
Syhadrite, p. 126.
Heulandite, p. 127.
Glauconite, p. 127.
Calcite, p. 147.
JELislopite, p. 147.
Aragonite, p. 164.
It
INDEX
N.B.— SynonymB are indicated by the letter $, ; e.g. Analcite^ f . Analoime.
A
Achroite
FAGS
. 109
Albite ....
Allophane ....
t
•
MB
103
119
Aotinolite .
86
Alum» potash^ s, Ealinite
147
Adularia •
. 104
Alunogen ....
•
146
AfghdniBtfin, azinite .
• 96
Amazonstone
106, 107
f, asbestoB .
86
Amber . • . •
169
„ bomite
16
Amethyst ....
66
„ chalcanthite
• 146
„ Oriental
46
chalcocite .
. 21
Amianthus, s. Asbestos .
86
„ chromite .
63
Amphibole ....
84
„ copper .
. 6
Amraoti, braunite
67
cuprite .
. 39
Analcime • • . •
122
„ flint
74
Analcite, Analcime
122
99 goslarite .
. 146
Anantapur, jasper
77
„ gypsum .
. 143
Andalusite ....
111
„ lapis lazuli
99
Andaman islands, chalcopyrite
26
99 melanterite
. 146
99 chromite •
63
99 nemalite •
. 161
,9 jasper
77
„ petroleum
. 169
„ opal
81
„ ruby . •
•
45
„ pyrite
24
„ sal ammoniac
35
„ serpentine •
128
99 tetrahedrite
. 29
99 stilbite .
126
„ valeutinile
62
Anglesite • • . .
141
Agaric mineral •
. 149
Anhydrite ....
141
Agate . . •
70
Anorthite ....
99
Agate-jasper
. 71
Antimony glance, s. Stibnite
12
Ahmadnagar, hislopite
. 148
p> gray, s, Stibnite .
12
99 natrolite .
. 120
„ red, s. Eermesite •
62
„ thomsonite
. 119
„ white, «. Yalentinite
62
Ajmere, adularia
. 106
„ yellow, s, Cervantite
62
„ agaric mineral .
. 149
Apatite ....
131
„ anglesite
. 141
Apophyllite
117
„ barite •
. 141
Aquamarine, s. Beryl •
86
„ cerussite . •
. 164
Aragonite ....
164
„ chrysolite
. 88
Arcot, iserine . •
67
99 copper .
6
„ bilicified wood .
79
99 cuprite .
. 39
„ South, sodium carbonate
165
,, precious garnet
89
Arsenopyrite
28
9 , prehnite .
. 117
Asbestos ....
86
„ psilomelaae .
• 61
Assam, aragonite •
154
164 GBOLOGT OF raMA~IRDKX. [FtotI7.
PlOX
Afmm, olsj-iioDsioiie .
153
,, oorundam
49
n fOB 8 ^X 68 in
„ iridcmnine
160
4
„ jasper
77
„ melanterite
146
„ pelxolemn
159
„ rutile
65
,, silicified wood
•
79
„ Tivianite
133
M zircon
92
Atacamite •
•
36
ATanturine
70
Axinite
95
Azurite
158
B
Badakshan, lapis lazuli
99
Bdlafrbat, braunite
57
„ psilomelaue .
61
Baltimorlte
128
Balucbist&n, gypsum .
143
„ lapis lazuli
99
„ petroleum .
159
„ Bulpbur •
7
Banda, kaolin
129
Bankura, rose quartz .
68
Bannu, flint
75
Barite
•
141
Barren island, augite .
s
87
„ cblorocalcite
•
35
„ olivine .
•
87
„ snlpbur .
•
7
Basanite, a. lydian stone
•
78
Bauxite, s. Beauxite •
60
Beauxite
60
Beh^r, nitre
•
136
Belgaum, calcspar
147
„ heulandite •
127
„ ilmenite
50
Bellary, avanturine
7u
„ diamond
8
„ epidote .
93
H flint
74
„ hematite
•
50 1
„ jasper .
. 76,77
„ malachite
,
156
„ pyrolusite
.
67
„ soda-nitre
,
137
Bengal presidency, amazon stone
.
137
Bengal pre 8 iden< 7 , andalnsite
PAOX
. Ill
•f
apatite
. 131
ff
arsenopyrite
28
»}
asbestos .
86
azurite
. 158
»>
beiyl
86
biotite
96
»»
blende
18
»>
bomite
16
calcspar .
. 147
f9
‘ carbonaceous
mineral ’
• 9
tf
cerussite .
57, 155
»
cbalcanthite
146
9f
chalcoeite .
20
f9
chalcopbyllito
. 133
ft
cbaloopyrite
. 24,26
99
chxysoberyl
53
99
clay-ironstone
. 153
99
coccolite .
84
99
colopbonite
89
99
copper
5
99
cuprite
38
99
dolomite .
. 151
99
fibrolite .
. 112
99
garnet • t
19, 90, 91
99
hornstone •
75
99
idocrase .
93
99
0 ilmenite •
50
99
indicolite
. 109
99
jasper
. 77
99
kyanite •
. 112
99
lepidolite .
98
99
leucopyrite
. 28
99
libethenite
. 133
99
lydian stone
. 78
99
malachite
. 156
99
margarodite
98
99
melaconite
39
99
melanterite
. 146
II
microcline
. 107
»l
minium .
57
99
molybdenite
. 13
99
muscovite
97
99
nitre
. 136
99
oligoclase .
. 102
99
orthoclase
. 104
99
platinum •
3
99
rose quartz
. 68
99
ruby
44
JBnenl(^.]
INDEX.
166
PAOI
piai
Bengal preiidenoj, sohorl
110
Bombay presidenpy, chabasite
122
„ serpentine
128
n
chalcedony "
71
M rhsBtizite .
113
•>
dysclasite
116
„ smoky quartz
68
epistillffte
126
„ staurolite .
116
ft
flint
74
„ stilbite
126
99
fossil wax
169
,, sphene •
113
99
harringtonite
122
„ tetrahedrite
29
99
heliotrope
77
„ torbernite
134
99
heulandite
127
„ tremolite .
85
99
hislopite
148
Berir, braunite .
67
99
hornstone
75
„ chlorocalcite
36
99
hypostilbite
123
„ coprolites .
132
ft
ilmenite
50
„ ilmenite
60
fl
laumontite
117
„ psilomelane •
61
ff
limestone
160
„ sodium carbonate
166
99
martite
50
„ trona
166
99
mesole •
119
Beryl ....
86
99
mesolite
122
Bhandtfra, braunite
67
99
mocha stone
73
Bburtpore, adularia
106
tt
moss- agate
73
„ agate .
71
ft
natrolite
120
„ agate-jasper
72
tt
poonahlite
121
Bhutan duars, chalcocite
20
ft
prehnite
117
Bijawar, hematite
49
ft
psilomelane
61
„ hornstone
76
ft
pyrolusite
58
Bikanir, borax
137
ff
rock crystal
64
IP natron • • •
166
ft
sardonyx
74
„ sodium carbonate .
166
ft
Bcolecite
120
Bismuth glance, Bismuthinite
13
ff
silicified wood
79,80
Bismuthinite
13
ff
stilbite .
123
Biotite ....
96
ft
syhadrite
126
Black copper ore, «. Melaconite
39
ft
thomsonite
119
Black lead, 9 , Graphite .
9
Bombite
» •
115
Blende ....
18
Borax
• •
137
Bloedite ....
144
Bornite
16
Blood-stone, s. Heliotrope
77
Bonrnonite
28
Blue iron earth •
133
Braunite
65
Blue vitriol, s, Chalcanthite .
146
Bronzite . •
83
Bombay presidency, agate .
71
Brown hematite, s .
Limonite .
59
„ agate-jasper
72
Brown iron ore, e. Limouite .
59
1, alunogen
146
Bundi, siderite •
• •
163
„ analcime
122
Burma, achroite .
• s
109
„ apophyllite
117
tt agate
a
71
„ aragonite
164
„ amethyst .
• •
68
„ bombite
116
„ arsenopyrite .
28
,1 borax
137
H barite
. ,
141
„ calcspar
147
„ bismuthinite . •
13
„ camelian
72
„ boumonite
• •
28
„ cat's-eye
69
„ bronzite .
• .
83
„ oelestite
141
„ cassiterite
• •
54
166
GEOLOGT OF INDU-INDEr
[But 17.
paei
PlOl
Bnnna, o>t’»4y6 •
69
Bunni, Upper.diondrodite •
108
M
oeroseite •
156
i»
diallage
84
$9
oerrantiie
62
**
fossil resin
160
9t
chaloSdony
71
ft
gold
2
ft
cbiastolite
111
tt
girasol sapphire
46
ft
chlorite •
190
ft
hiroine .
160
ft
ohrjsobeiyl
64
tt
iridosmine
4
9f
chrjflotile
128
ff
jadeite •
94
ft
diallage .
84
ft
malachite
166
n
false topaz
68
ft
melaeonite
39
tt
flint •
76
ft
nitrocaloite
137
ft
flaorite .
37
tt
natron •
166
ft
fossil resin
160
ft
opalescent sapphire
46
ft
freibergite
31
tt
oriental amethyst
46
ff
galena •
16
tt
oriental emerald
46
ft
graphite .
9
tt
oriental topaz
46
f>
hypersthene
83
tt
orpiment
12
ft
lead
6
tt
parafiBn, native
169
tt
limestone
160
ft
petroleum
159
ft
magnesite
163
tt
platinum •
3
ft
marcasite
28
tt
rubellite
108
ft
melanterite
146
tt
ruby
42
tt
mimetite
133
tt
sapphire •
39,46
ff
mininm •
67
ft
spinel •
61
ft
nitre •
136
tt
tourmaline 108, 109, 110
ft
onyx
74
ft
white sapphire
•
46
ft
o'rileyite
14
ft
zircon •
.
93
ft
petroleum
159
\
ft
prase
70
tt
psilomelane
61
u
ff
pyromorphite
132
Cairngorm
• • t
68
ft
pyrope .
88
Calcite •
• • e
147
ft
realgar .
12
Calcite, fibrous •
148
ft
rock crystal
66
Calc-tufa .
• • •
148
ft
ruby
44
Carnatic, oolophonite •
90
91
serpentine
128
H corundum
47
tt
silicified wood
79
M epidote
94
ff
spinel •
62
„ fibrolite
111
ft
italaetite
149
„ fluorite
37
ff
stibnite .
13
„ indianite
99
ft
tetrahedrite
31
Camelian
• • •
72
tt
trcmenheerite
10
Cassiterite
• • •
64
tt
turquoise
133
Cat’s-eye
• • •
64,69
ft
wad
62
Celestine, #. Celestite •
141
tt
wolfram
139
Celestite •
• • •
141
ft
wulfenite
140
Central India, barite •
141
ft
Bieon
93
ft
chert
76
Bunni^ Upper, lebroite
109
ft
copper .
6
,, amber
169
ft
euphyllite
130
„ cassiterite
64
ft
flaorite
37
Viunlogj.]
iNDBx. ley
Central India, hematite
PAOl
49
$9
hometone
75
99
jaeper .
76,77
9*
manganite
59
99
psilomelane
61
99
rutile
55
99
schorl .
110
99
wollastonite .
83
Central Provinoes, azarite
158
99
barite
141
99
braunite .
56
99
cbaloocite •
20
99
chert
75
99
cuprite
39
99
dolomite .
150
99
epsomite •
145
99
duorite
37
99
graphite .
9
99
hematite •
49
99
hislopite .
148
9*
hunterite .
106
91
ilmenite .
50
99
limonite .
60
99
lydian stone
78
99
malachite
156
99
milky quartz
66
99
psilomelane
61
99
pyrolupite
58
99
rWonite .
84
99
rock ciystal
as
99
ruby
44
99
sapphire .
40
99
smoky quartz
68
99
stilbite
123
99
tetrahedrite
29
99
tremolite .
85
* Cerium carbouate*
153
Cerussite •
• •
154
Cervantite
• • •
62
Ceylauite .
• • •
51
Ceylonite •
• • •
51
Chabasite
• • •
122
Chalcanthite
146
Chalcedony
• • •
70
Chalcedony, pseudomorpbous
79
Cbaloocite .
• • ■
19
Chalcophyllite
.
133
Chaloopyrite
.
24
Chalk
.
150
Chanda, epsomite
145
Chanda, hematite
PAon
49
„ ruby • •
44
Chattisgarh, graphite •
9
Chert •
75
Chiastolite .
111
Chitr&l, orpiment .
12
„ realgar .
12
Chlorite . • •
130
Chlorocalcite •
35
Chlorophseite
130
Chondrodite
108
Chrome garnet .
91
Chrome ochre
130
Chromic iron, s. Chromite
53
Chromite . . •
58
Chrysoberyl .
53
Chrysocolla . •
117
Chrysolite .
87
Chrysotile • . .
128
Cinnabar • •
21
Cinnamon-stone •
88
Citrine
68
Clay-ironstone
153
Coal . . • •
160
Cobaltite
27
Coccolite • • •
84
Coimbatore, albite
103
„ amethyst •
67
9 , beryl
86
„ clearelaudite
103
„ garnet
90
„ rock crystal
63
„ rutile
55
Copper
4
Copperas, s. Melanterite
145
Copper glance, e. Cbaloocite
19
Copper ore, azure, e. Azurite
158
„ black, e. Melaconite
39
99 g^^79 Tetrahedrite
29
„ purple, r. Somite
16
„ red, e. Cuprite
•
38
„ ruby, e. Cuprite
•
38
„ variegated, e. Somite
16
„ vitreous, a. Cbaloocite
19
„ yellow, s. Chalcopyrite
24
Copper pyrites, s, Chalcopyrite
24
Coprolites .
.
132
Coral
.
150
Coromandel, tsche£Ekinite
•
113
Corundum .
•
. 38,46
1«8
GEOLOGT or INDIA-INDEX.
[FMtIV
Copiite • •
PAOB
. . 88
Catteck^adnlaria .
. 105
9 , apatite .
. 131
„ chijaobeiyl
63
„ ruby
44
Cjanite, s, Kjanite
. 112
D
Danaite
28
Daijiling, arsenopjrite •
28
M
chalcanthite .
146
ff
cbalcopyrite .
26
Deccan intextrappean beds, chert
76
99
fibrous calcite •
148
ff
fossil wax . •
169
ft
lydian stone
78
ft
silicified wood .
79
Deccan trap, agate
70
ft
agate-jasper
71
tt
amethyst .
67
tt
analcime •
122
tt
apophjllite
117
tt
aragonite .
154
tt
calcite
147
99
camelian •
72
tt
cat’s-eye ?
69
ft
chabasite .
122
tt
chalcedony
70
tf
dysclasite .
116
tt
epistilbite •
126
ft
glauconite .
127
tt
barringtonite
122
ft
heliotrope •
77
tt
heulandite . •
127
ft
hislopite .
147
tt
hornblende
86
tt
hypostilbite
123
tt
jasper
77
tt
laumontite
117
it
magnetite •
62
ft
mesolite •
122
tt
milky quartz
66
tt
mocha stone
73
ft
moss-agate
73
ft
natrolite . •
120
ft
olivine
87
ft
onyx
73
tt
opal
80
Deccan trap, orthoolase •
•
PAOI
. IM
ff plasma
76
,f poonahlite
•
. 121
„ prehnite .
a
. 117
„ pseudomorphous cbalce-
dony
. 79
„ pyroxene .
83
„ rock crystal
63
„ rose quartz
68
,, sardonyx .
74
„ scolecite •
. 120
„ stilbite
. 123
„ syhadrite •
. 126
„ thomsonite
. 119
Dehra Dun, apatite
. 131
„ barite
. 141
„ calc-tufa .
. 148
„ dolomite .
162
» gypsum .
. 143
„ magnesite •
. 163
„ phospbatic nodules
. 131
Dh41bhum, chalcocite •
. 20
„ sphene
. 113
Dhdrwdr, flint
74
Diallage
84
Diamond . . •
. 8
Dolomite .
. 160
Du4rs, Western, calc-tufa
. 148
„ dolomite
. 161
Dungarpur, rose quartz
68
Dysclasite .
. 116
E
Egeran
93
Emerald, oriental
46
Enstatite
83
Epidote
93
Epistilbite
126
Epsomite •
145
Epsom salt s. Epsomite
146
Erubescite s. Bomite .
16
Essonite
88
Euphyllite •
130
P
Fablerz, #. Tetrahedrite .
29
False topaz •
.
68
Fibrolite
•
111
Fibrous calcite
•
148
Fibrous quartz
.
7
Mineralogy.]
INDEX.
169
PAOB
PAOB
Flint • . . .
•
•
74
Hariina, chiastolite
111
Fluorite
a
37
„ * microdine
107
Flaorspar, s. Flnorite •
.
•
87
Harringtonite
122
Freibergite •
.
•
31
Haz4ra, cuprite •
39
„ galena .
16
Haz&rib4gh, apatite
131
Ur
„ beryl
86
Galena
16
„ biotite
96
Galenite» s. Galena
15
„ bomite
16
Garhw&], asbestos
•
•
86
„ oerussite •
67.165
f§ blende • •
•
•
18
„ chalcopyrite
24
„ bomite . •
16
„ colophonite
89
„ cbalcocite
20
„ dolomite •
•
151
„ dolomite
151
„ garnet
89,
90,98
„ pyrrbotite
22
„ homstone .
76
„ tetrabedrite .
30
„ indicolite .
109
1 , zircon .
92
„ lepidolite .
98
Garnet
•
88
„ leucopyrite
•
28
Girasol sapphire ,
•
46
„ minium
57
Glauberite .
•
141
„ molybdenite
13
Glauber's salt, Mirabilite
•
142
„ muscovite .
•
97
Glauconite .
t
127
orthoclase .
•
104
Godavari, chlorocalcite .
•
36
„ rose quartz
•
68
„ murcbisonite
•
105
„ schorl
•
110
„ staurolite
•
115
„ staurolite .
•
115
„ sulphur
•
7
„ tremolite .
85
Godavari, Upper, ilmenite
50
Heavy spar, r. Barite .
141
„ sapphire
40
Heliotrope •
•
77
Goxd • • ■ •
•
1
Hematite •
•
49
Goslarite
•
146
Hematite, brown, r. Limonite
•
59
Graphite
•
9
Heulandite .
127
Gray antimony, s. Stibnite
12
Hircine
•
160
Gray copper ore, Tetrabedrite
29
Hislopite .
9
147
Green earth .
127
Hornblende
•
86
Green vitriol, s. Melanterite
•
145
Hornblende, r. Amphibole
84
Guntoor, cat's«eye
69.
Homstone .
75
Gurdaspur, mictocline .
•
107
Hunterite .
106
Gurgaon, muscovite
97
Hyderabad, amethyst •
67
„ rock crystal .
•
64
„ camelian •
72
Gwalior, hematite
•
49
„ copper •
6
„ jasper .
9
77
„ coprolites •
132
„ manganite
59
„ hematite •
50
„ psilomelane •
•
61
„ heulandite •
«
127
Gya, muscovite •
•
97
„ ilmenite
50
Gypsum
•
143
„ kyanite
113
„ magnetite •
•
52
m*
„ mossiagate .
73
A
„ onyx .
74
Halite, e. Salt
.
•
33
„ opal .
•
80
Halloysite .
.
.
129
„ plasma
•
76
170 GEOLOOT OF IMDU-IKDEX. [FttlilV.
Hyderabad, pitse.
PAGB
70
„ rock ciystal
63
„ rose quartz
68
,, sardonyx •
74
„ soda-nitre .
187
„ stilbite
128
„ tremolite .
85
Hypersthene
83
Hjpostilbite
123
I
Icbtb jopbthalmite, #. Apopbyllite
117
Idocrase ....
93
Emenite ....
50
Indianite ....
99
Indioolite «...
109
Iridosmine • . . •
4
Iron ore, brown, s. Limonite •
59
„ magnetic, s. Magnetite
52
„ octahedral, #. Magnetite
52
„ red, «. Hematite
49
Iron pyrites, s. Pyrite •
24
Iron pyrites, prismatic, s. Marcasite
28
Iron pyrites, white, a. Marcasite
•
28
Iron, titanic, a. Hmenite
•
50
Iron, titaniferoos, a. Hmenite
.
50
Iserine • . . •
•
51
j
Jabalpur, barite •
141
„ dolomite
151
„ hematite
49
„ limonite
60
„ psilomelane •
61
„ pyrolusite
58
„ tetrahedrite .
29
„ tremolite
85
Jaipur, amethyst •
67
„ beryl
86
„ chalcanthite
146
„ chalcocite
21
„ chxysoheiyl
53
,, cobaltite • •
27
„ danaite •
28
„ fibrous quartz . •
78
„ jaipurite .
16
„ melanterite
146
„ musoovite
97
„ precious garnet
. 88, 89 1
Jaipur, pyrrhotite
PAGB
22
M rook crystal
•
64
„ tetrahedrite
29
Jaipurite
16
Jade ....
•
85
Jadeite
•
94
Jasper
•
76
Jaunsar, halloysite •
•
129
Jodhpur, gypsum
•
143
E
Eadapah, copper .
,
6
9 $ jasper .
.76, 77
»» jiyrolusite
58
Eafiristdn, galena
16
Eaira, mocha stone
73
Ealddgi, henlandite
127
„ homstone
75
M psilomelane
61
„ pyrolusite
58
n stilbite .
123
n thomsonite
119
Ealinite
147
Eangra, braunite
57
Ean^r
150
Kaolin
129
Edshmir, albite •
103
,9 amethyst
67
„ axinite
96
„ blende .
18
„ blcsdite
145
„ borax .
137
„ chrome garnet
91
„ chromite
53
„ copper .
4
„ cuprite
39
„ diallage
84
„ enstatite
83
„ indicolite
109
„ kalinite
147
„ lazulite
133
„ olivine • •
87
„ opal .
81
„ oriental topaz
45
„ piootite
52
M pyrolusite
59
„ rock crystal .
65
„ ruby .
44
„ sapphire
40
Mineialogy.]
INDEX.
171
Eishmir, serpentine
a
PAOl
. 128
Eumool, braunite
PAOl
56
99 tourmaline •
•
109,110
9, newboldite
18
99 white sapphire
•
46
99 smithsonite •
. 153
Edthiaw&r, agate
A
71
9, stalactite
149
99 aragonite .
a
. 164
Eyanite ....
. 112
99 borax
99 chalcedony
•
. 137
. 71
L
ff heliotrope .
», laumontite .
fi moss-agate
•» rock crystal
Kh&si bills, aragonite •
„ corundnm •
}, limestone .
„ rutile
i, zircon
Ehetri, chalcanthite
„ cbalcocite
„ cobaltite
M danaite .
91 gold
„ jaipurite • •
„ melanterite
„ precious garnet
„ pjrrhotite
„ tetrahedrite •
Eborass&n, turquoise •
Eennesite .
Kieserite .
Kishengarh, precious garnet
Kistna, staurolite
„ turgite .
Eobtft, salt •
Eulu, arsenopyiite
„ chrome ochre
„ copper
99 pjrolusite . •
99 ruby
„ rutile
„ sapphire •
„ witherite .
Eumaon, bomite
n dolomite
„ fibrous limestone
„ melanterite .
„ orpiment
„ siderite
„ tetrahedrite •
Eumool, amethyst
99 barite .
. 130
5
. 59
44
55
. 42
. 154
. *16
161,162
. 148 I
. 146
. 12
. 163
30
. 67
- 141
Labradorite
Lahol, cervantite
„ kermesite .
,9 siderite • •
9 , stibnite
Lalitpur 9 cbalcocite
I „ cuprite .
,9 tetrahedrite •
Lapis lazuli
Laumonite 9 s. Laumontite
Laumontite
Lazulite ....
Lead . . * .
Lead glance, Galena .
Lead ore, blue, «. Galena
,9 green, «. I^romorphite
,9 white, e. Cerussite •
,9 yellow, r. Wulfenite
Lead vitriol, s, Anglesite •
Lepidolite . . • •
Leucopyrite
Libethenite
Limestone ....
Limonite • . • •
Lithia Mica, s, Lepidolite
Lydian stone
Madras presidency, adularia
99 amazonstone
amethyst
asbestos
atacamite
avanturine
barite
beryl
blende
braunite .
bronzite •
cat's-eye .
obalcedony
ohaloocite
172 GEOLOOr OF INDIA-INDEX. [RfftlV.
PAOl
PAOB
Madras president, chert
.
76
Madras presidency, sahlite
•
84
chlorocalcite
86
tt
sal ammoniac
•
85
chondrodite
,
108
ft
sapphire •
•
40
chromite
•
53
ft
schorl
110
chiysooolla
.
117
tf
silicified wood
79
w
cinnamon-stone
88
if
smaragdite
84
ft
oocoolite •
84
ft
smithsonite
158
tf
colophonite
90
tt
smoky quartz
68
«>
copper
6
ft
soda-nitre •
.
136
ft
oorundnm
46
ft
sodium carbonate
155
•>
cuprite .
39
ft
spinel •
52
ft
diallage .
84
ft
stalactite .
149
«t
diamond .
8
ft
staurolite .
115
tt
epidote .
93.94
ft
sulphur
7
t*
esBonite .
88
tt
tetrahedrite
29
t»
false topaz
68
tt
tourmaline
109
tt
fibrolite .
111
tt
tremolite .
85
ft
flint
74
ft
techeffkinite
113
tt
fluorite .
37
ft
turgite •
59
•f
garnet
90,91
»»
wad . .
62
ft
gold
1
ft
wollastonite
83
•ft
hematite
50
ft
zircon
92
f»
hypersthene
83
Madura, blende .
18
tf
idocrase •
93
Magnesite
•
152
»
indianite .
99
Magnesium and potassium sulphate
142
9f
iserine
51
Magnetic iron ore, s. Magnetite
52
ft
jasper
76,77
Magnetic pyrites, s, Pyrrhotite
22
tt
kjanite .
112
Magnetite
.
52
ft
Ijdian stone
78
Malabar, cat’s-eye
69
tt
magnesite
152
„ zircon .
92
tt
magnetite
52
Malachite
• • • •
155
ft
malachite
155
Maldni, sphene .
113
fl
melaconite
39
Mdnbhum, andalusite .
ill
ft
microcline
107
ft
fibrolite
112
ft
mocha stone
73
tf
idocrase
93
tt
molybdenite
14
tt
ilmenite
50
tt
murchisonite
105
tt
margarodite
98
fl
muscovite
97
tf
molybdenite
14
tt
mysorin •
156
tt
oligoclase •
102
ft
newboldite
18
tt
orthoclase
104
tt
orthoclase
104
t ”
platinum
3
tt
pholerite •
129
tt
serpentine .
128
tt
picrolite •
128
Mandi, salt .
33
ft
prase
70
Manganite
• • • •
59
•t
psilomeiaae
61
Manipur, magnesite
153
tt
pyrolusite
57
Marcasite
• • • •
28
tt
pyrope .
88
Margarodite
98,129
ft
rock crystal
62
Martite
• ■ • •
•
50
ft
ruby
44
Masttlipatam, albite • #
•
103
tt
rutile
55
deavelandite .
•
103
Mineralogy.]
INDEX.
173
MaBnlipatam, murchisonite
„ zircon
Meersohalaminite
Melaconite .
Melanterite •
Menaccanite, Ilmenite
Mercury
MeHole
Mesolite
Meywar, adularia .
„ agate-jasper .
„ amethyst
„ dolomite
„ lydian stone .
„ precious garnet
„ pyrrhotite
„ rock crystal .
„ smithsonite .
Mica, common, s, Muscovite
Mysore, adularia
„ amethyst
„ hraunite
„ chalcedony
fp chromite
f, colophonite
„ corundum
Mysore, diallage •
f, flint •
„ hypersthene
„ kyanite •
„ muscovite
„ rook crystal
ruby
•• tourmaline
Mysorin
Nagpur, hraunite
„ dolomite
„ hislopite
„ hunterite
„ rhodonite •
„ tremolite
Narcondam island, hornblende
Narsinghpur, azurite .
PAOl
84
74
88
. 113
96
. 63
44
109, 110
. 166
Microcline ^ •
•
107
„ chalcocite
20
Milky quartz
•
• 66
„ cuprite ,
39
Mimetite . •
•
133
1 , malachite
156
Minium . •
•
67
Natrolite .
120
Mirabilite .
142
Natron
165
Mirzapur, andalusite
•
111
Nellore, adularia .
104
„ chrysotile
•
128
11
atacamite
36
„ dolomite
151
If
chalcocite
19
„ epidote
94
fi
chrysocolla
117
„ jade .
86
If
colophonite
90
„ melanterite
146
fi
essonite •
88
„ phlogopite
96
>»
false topaz
68
„ rhodonite
84
fi
garnet .
90,91
„ serpentine
128
91
kyanite • ,
112
., stilbite
126
91
malachite
166
„ tremolite
85
99
melaconite •
39
Mispickel, s. Arsenopyrite
28
99
mysorin •
156
Mocha stone
•
73
99
schorl •
110
Molybdenite
•
13
99
staurolite
11
Monghyr, muscovite
•
97
91
tremolite
85
Moss-agate .
•
73
Nemalite .
161
Mundic, s. Pyrite .
•
24
Nep41, garnet
90
Murchisonite
•
105
9 »
tetrahedrite
30
Muscovite .
96
99
vivianite •
133
^Nepaulite’
Nephrite, a. Jade
Newboldite .
Nicobar islands, bronzite
9f diallage
f» epsomite
If fossil resin
174
GSOLOai OF IKDIA-IKDEX.
IhxtU.
PAoa
ffioobaridandBi jasper •
• •
77
tf
rock crystal .
66
ft
serpentine .
128
Nilgiii hills, amazonstone •
107
ft
hronzite •
.
83
if
chalcedony
.
71
ft
dnnamon-stone
88
ff
colophonite
.
90
ft
hypersthene • •
83
n
idocrase .
• •
93
ft
lydian stone
78
»
molybdenite . •
14
>»
prase
a •
70
ft
sahlite
• •
84
ff
smaragdite
• •
84
Nimtfr, hematite .
49
Kitre •
• •
134
Nitro-calcite
• a
137
North-Western Provinces, andalnsite
111
ff
ff
apatite •
131
tf
ff
asbestos .
86
ff
ff
barite •
141
ff
If
blende •
18
If
ff
bomite •
16
ft
If
calc-tnfa •
148
ff
ff
chalcocite
20
ft
ff
chrysotile
128
ff
ff
cuprite •
39
ff
ff
dolomite 151, 152
ff
ff
epidote •
94
ft
ff
fibrous lime-
stone
148
ft
ff
gypsum .
143
ff
If
haUoysite
129
ft
ff
jade
87
ft
If
kaolin •
129
ff
If
magnesite
153
ff
ff
melanterite
146
h
If
mirabilite
142
ft
ff
muscovite
97
ff
ff
nitre
136
ft
ff
orpiment •
12
ff
ff
phlogopite
96
ff
ff
phosphatic
nodules
131
ff
If
pyrrhotite
22
ff
ff
rhodonite
84
ff
>f
serpentine
128
If
ff
siderite .
153
ft
ft
soda-nitre
136
PAOl
NorUi-WeitemFroTinoei»stilbite • 126
n $t tetn]iedrite29,80
n „ tremolite • 85
» „ zircon • 92
O
Octahedral iron ore, s. Magnetite
62
Okenite
116
Oligoclase •
101
Olivine
87
Onyx
73
Opal •
80
Opalescent sapphire
46
Oriental amethyst
46
„ emerald
46
„ topaz
45
O'Rileyite
14
Orissa, adularia .
105
„ apatite
A
131
„ beryl
•
87
„ chrysoberyl
53
„ platinum «
8
„ zircon
92
Orpiment • • •
12
Ortboclase •
104
Osmiridium, s* Iridosmine
4
Oude, nitre
136
P
Paraffin, native •
159
Palamow, stilbite
126
Peastone
149
Perim island, silicified wood
79
Petroleum •
159
Phlogopite .
96
Pholerite . •
128
Phosphatic nodules
131
Picrolite
128
Picotite
52
Pistacite, s. Epidote
93
Plasma
76
Platiniridium
3
Platinum •
3
Pleonaste . • •
51
Plumbago, #. Granhite .
Poona, analcime .
9
122
,9 apophyllite
117
„ chabaslte
122
„ dysclasite «
.
116
liiliMibgj.]
INDSX.
176
PAOl
Poonai epistilbite •
126
ft
heliotrope
77
99
laumontite
117
*9
poonablite
121
99
scolecite •
121
99
stilbite .
123
Poonablite
121
Potash alom, 9 * Ealinite
147
Prase
• • • •
70
Prebnite . . • •
117
Prismatic iron pyrites, «. Maroasite
28
Pseudomorpbous chalcedony .
79
„ quartz •
78
Psilomelane
61
Punjab, allophane
119
i>
alunogen
146
>1
anhydrite
141
99
aragonite
164
99
arsenopyrite .
28
,}
asbestos
86
barite .
•141
,)
beauxite
60
9)
beryl
86
99
blende . •
18
99
blosdite •
144
99
braunite .
57
99
celestite . • •
141
• 1
cervantite
62
99
chiastolite
•
111
chrome ochre .
130
99
copper .
5
99
cuprite .
39
99
dolomite
160
99
epsomite
146
99
flint
76
99
fluorite .
37
99
galena •
16
99
glauberite
141
kermesite •
62
kieserite
143
99
kyanite • • •
112
99
microcline
107
99
mirabilite • •
142
39
muscovite • •
97
99
oligoclase •
101
99
petroleum
159
99
pholerite •*
128
99
phosphatic nodules •
132
99
pyrolusite
69
fl
rhsotizite
113
Punjab, rock crystal •
•
TIOB
64
„ ruby • • •
•
44
„ rutile
•
66
33 salt • • •
33,34
„ sapphire .
42
„ schorl .
•
110
,, sidente • • ■
•
163
„ soda-nitre
•
136
33 sphene .
a
113
„ stibnite .
•
12
„ sulphate of magnesium and
potassium • •
142
„ sylvite .
33
„ witherite
154
Purple copper ore, s. Bomite •
16
Pyrite . • . •
24
Pyrites, copper, s. Chalcopyrite
24
Pyrites, iron, s. Pyrite .
24
Pyrites, magnetic, s. I^rrhotite
22
Pyrolusite . . • .
57
Pyromorphite
132
Pyrope ....
88
Pyroxene ....
83
Pyrrhotite ....
22
Q
Quartz ....
•
62
„ fibrous
.
78
„ pseudomorpbous
.
78
QuicksUver, s. Mercury •
•
4
B
Baipur, fluorite • •
•
37
Rajahmundry, mocha stone .
.
73
„ ^ rock crystal •
.
62
Rdjmahdl intertrappean beds, silici-
fled wood ....
80
Bdjmahdl trap, agate .
71
„ amethyst
67
„ analcime
122
„ carnelian
72
„ chalcedony .
71
„ chlorophfeite •
130
„ heulandite
127
„ milky quartz •
66
„ natrolite
120
„ olivine .
87
, onyx .
73
„ opal •
81
176
OEOLOOT OF IRDU-INDEX.
[Futiy.
VJlGI
1
PiLoa
trap, pBendomorphoiis
Bfiputdna* psilomelane .
61
chaioedony
79
ff
pyrrhotite •
22
rock cryatal
a
66
ff
rook crystal
•
64
smoky quartz
68
ff
rose quartz •
68
•»
stilbite
126
ft
rutile •
•
55
ff
topaz •
113
ft
salt •
r
33
Edjpipla, agate
71
ft
schorl
•
no
»>
agate-jasper .
72
ft
siderite
153
camelian •
72
tt
smithsonite
154
ff
cat’s-eye
69
ft
sodium carbonate .
155
ff
ckaloedony .
71
tt
sphene
113
»t
moss-agate •
73
ft
staurolite
115
ft
sardonyx
74
tf
tetrahedrite
29
Bajputdna, adularia
105
ft
thenardite .
140
ft
agaric mineral
149
ft
tremolito
85
ft
agate.
71
ft
turquoise
133
tf
agate-jasper
72
ft
witherite
154
ft
amethyst .
67
Edniganj, calcspar
7
ft
andalusite •
111
ft
clay-ironstone
163
ft
anglesite •
141
Realgar
12
ft
arsenopyrite
28
Bed Antimony, r. Kermesite
62
ft
barite
141
Bed copper ore, s. Cuprite
38
ff
beryl .
86
Bed hematite, a. Hematite
49
ft
borax.
137
Bed iron ore, #. Hematite
49
tt
camelian •
72
lledruthite, a. Chalcocite
19
ft
cerussite
154
Resin, fossil
159
>1
chalcantbite
146
Bewah,
barite •
•
141
ff
chaloooite •
21
ff
calc-tufa .
149
tf
cbalcopyrite
24
tf
chert
75
f*
cbiysobeiyl .
53
tt
copper
5
ff
cobaltite
27
tt
corundum
48
ft
copper
5
ft
euphyllite
•
130
ft
cuprite
39
ft
fluorite .
37
ft
danaite
28
ft
p;,ilomelane
61
ft
dolomite
151
ft
rutile
55
ff
egeran
- -
93
ft
schorl
no
ft
fibrous quartz
78
ft
wollastonite
83
ft
gold •
2
Rhodonite .
84
tt
gypsum
143
Bock crystal
•
62
ft
hematite
49
Rock-milk . • •
•
149
ft
jaipurite
16
Rose quartz , •
•
68
tf
lydian stone
78
RubeUite • • •
•
108
tf
melanterite .
146
Ruby
• • •
•
42
tt
mirabilite .
142
Roby copper, S Cuprite
38
It
moss agate .
73
Rutile
• • •
55
tt
muscovite .
97
ft
natron
155
8
tt
onyx .
74
Sahlite
« • •
.
84
tt
precious garnet
88
Sal ammoniac
35
ff
prehnite
117
Salem, chromite •
•
,
53
KintMlogy.]
IHDSIL •
177
PIGS
PAGI
fialem, eolophonite .
90
Sard • • • •
.
9
72
ff oorandnin • •
46y47
Sardonyx « • •
•
9
74
,1 diallage •
84
Saugor, silicified wood •
m
80
,, fibrolite .
111
,y stilbite •
•
9
183
„ green garnet
90
Schorl • • •
•
9
110
„ indianite .
99
Scoleoite •
•
120
„ magnesite .
152
Serpentine .
•
128
„ magnetite
62
Sholapur, heulandite
•
127
f, picrolite . •
128
,y stilbite
•
123
yy ruby • • •
44
yy thomsonite •
•
119
„ sal ammoniac
35
ffiderite
•
•
153
y, sapphire
40
Sikkim, kyanite .
•
112
„ spinel . • •
52
„ olivine •
•
•
87
„ stiuTolite .
115
y, schorl
•
110
„ «j’^on •
92
Silicified wood . •
•
79
SsH • • • • •
83
Silver
•
2
N»tre . •
134
Simlaite
128
Salt ran;^e, ainnogen . •
146
Sind, celestite •
•
141
yy ar hydrite • •
141
yy fiint • • •
•
74
y, barite • •
141
„ limestone .
m
9
150
yy beanxite . •
• 60
y, martite •
9
50
„ bloedite • •
144
„ silicified wood
•
79
.y celestite . •
141
Singhbhumy apatite
131
j. chaleocite • •
20
yy azurite •
158
yy cuprite
30
yy * carbonaceous mineral ’
9
yy dolomite
150
yy chaleocite •
20
,y epsomite
143
,y chalcophyllite
133
yy ^lauberite • •
141
yy copper
5
»» gypsum
143
yy cuprite •
38
„ kieserite •
143
yy libethenite
133
yy pbosphatic nodules
132
yy lydian stone
•
78
„ rock crystal
65
„ malachite .
•
156
,y salt • • •
33,34
yy malaconite •
•
39
,y sulphate of magnesium
yy platinum •
9
3
and potassium .
142
yy rhsetizite .
9
113
„ sylvite
33
yy tetrahedrite
29
SambalpuTy milky quartz
66
,y torbernite .
134
„ rock crystal
63
Sisserskite •
4
„ smoky quartz
68
Smaragdite • • •
9
84
Sdnthtfl pargannahs, blende •
18
Smithsonite
9
153
,y bornite •
16
Smoky quartz
•
68
,y ohalcooite
20
Soapstone, s. Steatite <
•
127
„ chalcopyrite
25
Soda-nitre . . •
•
136
„ cuprite •
38
Sodium carbonate
155
,y smoky quartz
68
Spathic iron
•
153
y, tetraWrite
29
Sphalerite, s. Blende
•
18
Sapphire . . . •
39,46
Sphene
•
113
„ girasol .
46
Spinel
•
51
y, opalescent • •
46
Stalactite • •
•
149
,y white •
46
Staurolite •
9
N
116
iw OTOLOGY OP INDU-I»DBX. [Ptet IV.
PA91
FA9I
Stamotide, #. Stanrolite •
•
. 115
Tenasserim, pailomelane
•
61
Stoatiio
• • •
.
. 127
,1 pyromorphite
•
132
Stibnite
• 0 a
•
• 12
M rook crystal
a
66
Stilbite
• • a
•
. 12S
a ruby
•
44
Suodnite, #. Amber
•
. 169
„ spinel
52
Sulphate of magnesium and potas*
„ stalactite .
149
Siam
• • •
•
. I4as
» stibnite •
31
Sdphide of lead and copper
.
. 23
n tetrahedrite
31
Snlpbur
• • a
•
7
„ tremenheerite
10
Sjhadrite .
•
. 126
„ turquoise .
133
Sjlrite
• a a
•
. 33
„ wolfram .
139
Tenorite, s. Melaoonite .
39
T
Tetrahedrite •
•
29
Tabasheer •
81
Thenardite .
140
Tabula spar, f • Wollastonite
83
Thomsonite
•
119
Tale .
• • •
127
Tibet, borax
137
Tanjors, amethyst
66
M cinnabar •
•
21
n
false topaz
68
„ mercury .
s
4
99
rock ciystal •
62
„ peastone .
•
149
tf
rutile . •
55
„ platinum .
e
3
it
smoky quarts
68
,)F sphene
•
113
Tenasseiim, agate
71
Tinevelly, chondrodite •
s
108
fl
arsenopyzite
28
„ spinel . •
s
52
barite
141
„ wollastonite •
83
bismuthinite
13
Tinstone, #. Cassiterite .
54
boumonite
28
Titanic iron, «. Ilmenite
50
ff
eassiterite
54
Titaniferous iron, s, Ilmenite •
50
ff
oerussite •
155
Titanite, r. Sphene •
113
$9
oerrantite
62
Tonk, beryl
87
99
chalcedony
71
„ egeran
98
ff
chiastolite
111
„ muscovite .
97
99
chlorite .
130
„ rock crystal
64
99
flint
75
Topaz
113
99
fluorite
37
„ false .
68
99
fossil resin
160
„ oriental
45
99
freibergite
31
Torbemite •
134
99
galena
15
Touchstone, t. Lydian stone
78
99
graphite .
9, 10
Tourmaline
108
99
hypersthene
83
Travertine,#. Calc-ta& .
148
lead
6
Tremenheerite
10
limestone •
150
Tremolite • • •
84
99
marcasite •
28
Trichinopolj, amazonotone
107
melanterite
146
„ copper .
6
mimetite •
133
„ flint
74
mininm «
•
57
„ miorocline
107
nitre
*
136
„ orthoolase
104
onyx
74
„ sodium carbonate
155
99
o'fil^ite •
15
tetrahedrite
e
29
prase
70
Trona • • •
9
155
Miasnlogy.]
INDEX.
179
Tiobeffkinite • •
PAOB
113
Tnrgite ....
69
TarkistaD, chalk
160
„ jade .
•
86
Twmali • . . •
■
111
Turquoise . • • .
•
133
U
Uiwur, arsenopyrite . •
28
„ chalcopyrite
24
„ hematite .
49
„ pyrrhotite
22
M rutile •
65
„ tremolite
86
Uranite, Torbemite
134
Uran-mioa, «• Torbemite
134
V
Valentinite
62
Tariegated copper ore, «. Boniite
16
Yesuvianite, «« Idoorase
.93
Yesuvian, s. Idocrase .
93
Yitreous copper ore, «. Chaloooite
19
Yitriol, blue, 9 . Ghalcauthite .
146
„ green, Melanterite .
146
„ lead, «. Anglesite •
141
„ white, «. Goslarite
146
Ymanite . . • •
133
Yizagapatam, biaunite •
65
Yisagapatam, ooooolite •
Pia a
84
„ murchiaonite •
. 105
„ psilomelane
. 61
0 pyrolusite
. 68
wad . .
• 62
W
Wad • • • • •
62
Wardha, fibrous caloite
. 148
Wax, fossil
. 169
White antimony, s. Yalentinite
White iron pyrites, «• Marcasite
28
White sapphire •
46
White vitriol, s. Goslarite •
. 146
Witherite ....
. 164
Wolfram • . . •
. 139
Wollastonite
. 83
Wood, silicified . •
. 79
Wulfenite ....
. 140
Wun, psilomelane
. 61
Wynaad, muscovite •
97
„ pholerite
. 129
T
Yellow antimony, #. Cervantite
62
Z
Zircon • • • •
91 , m
Aertnmit *1 litit C«tnl Matlat OOct.— Xa. n S, 0. Svngr,—
PLATE I.
Fi^. 1. Cobaltite; ooOoo. cx)02 0. Khetri^ Rajputaua; p. 27.
2
2. Sapphire; 2P2.0R. Zansk&r^ Kashmir ; p. 41.
„ 3. Sapphire; fP2.0R. Zanskdr; p. 41.
4. Sapphire ; f P2.0R. (crystal flattened owing to the imperfect de-
velopment of 4 of the pyramidal faces). Zanskar ; p. 41.
5. Sapphire ; 4P2.0R. (crystal flattened as in fig. 4). Zanskdr; p. 41.
„ 6. Ruby; o^2.0R.R. Upper Burma; p. 43.
„ 7. Ruby ; OR.R. (X)P2. Upper Burma, ; p. 43.
„ 8. Ruby; 0R.cx)P2. |P2.R. Upper Burma; p. 43.
,, 9. Ruby; ooP2.0B.R. Jagdalak, Afghanistan; p. 45.
PLATE n.
Fig. 10. Conindum; ooPS.OP. Carnatic. (After De Boumon) ; p. 47.
,, 11. Corundum; 0P.ooP2. Carnatic. (After De Boumon) ; p. 47.
,, 12. Spinel ; 0. Upper Burma ; p. 51.
13. Spinel ; 0. cx)0. Upper Burma ; p. 51.
14. Spinel ; hemitrope octahedron. Upper Burma ; p. 51.
„ 15. Spinel; hemitrope octahedron twinned to distorted octahedron.
Upper Burma ; p. 51.
16. ^Trihedral quartz^; ooP* B. Deccan trap; p. 63.
9t
PLATE m.
Fig. 17. Quartz; ooF.B.— B. Salt range; p. 65.
„ 18. Quartz; B.— B.ooP. Salt range; p. 65.
„ 19. Quartz; B. — R. Salt range; p. 65.
„ 20. Quartz; B.— B. Salt range ;. p. 65.
„ 21. Quartz ; R.— B.ooP. Salt range ; p. 65.
„ 22. ApophyUite; OP. 00 P 00 .P. Western Gbits ; p. 115.
„ 23. Apopbyllite; OP. 00 P 00 .P. Western Ghats ; p. 118.
„ 24. Apopbyllite; OP. 00 F 00 .P. 00 P. Western Gbits ; p. 118.
„ 25. Apopbyllite; OP.P.ooPoo. Western Gbits ; p. 118.
„ 26. Apopbyllite ; ooPoo.0P.F.coP2. Poona. (After Scli.aaf) ; p.
118.
PLATE IV.
g. 87. Apophyllite j OP. ooPoo. P. |P. Poona. (After Schrauf) ;
p. 118.
28. Apophyllite; P. ooPoo. OP. Ahmadnagar ; p. 118.
29. Apophyllite ; P. ooPoo. Ahmadnagar ; p. 1 18.
so. Apophyllite ; ooPoo. P. ooP2. OP. Poona. (After Schrauf) ;
p. 118.
31. Stilbite ; ooPoo. ooPoo. P. Western Gh&ts ; p. 128.
32. Stilbite; ooPoo. ooPoo. P. ooP. Western Ghats ; p. 124,
83. Stilbite ; ooPoo. ooPoo. P. ooP. fPf. Western Ghdts ; p. 124.
34. Stilbite ; ooPoo. ooPoo. P. ooP. <fPf . OP. Western Ghlits ;
p. 124.
35. Heulandite; ooPoo.->-2Poo.2Poo.0P.ooP.— -P.Poo. Western
Ghats ; p. 127.
86. Borax; ooP. 0P.4Poo. ooPoo«)P6o.2P.P. Tibet, (.\fter
Levy) ; p. 139.
37. Glauberite ; OP. — ^P. ooPoo. ooP. Salt range. (According to
Schimper) ; p. 142.
88. Glauberite ; OP. — P. 00 P 00 . 00 P.— ^P. 2Poo. |Poo. Salt range.
(According to Schimper) ; p. 142.
39. Bloedite; OP. Poo. — P. ooP. ooP2. ooPbo. ooPoo. ooPS,
ooP2. + 2 P 00 . +P. +2P8.— 2P2. Salt range. ; (Accord,
ing to Schimper) p. 144.
Live Music
Archive
Librivox
Free Audio
Metropolitan Museum
Cleveland
Museum of Art
Internet
Arcade
Console Living Room
Open Library
American
Libraries
TV News
Understanding
9/11